Mnemonics Flashcards
Fallot’s tetralogy
PROVERB
Pulmonary stenosis
Right ventricular hypertrophy
Overriding aorta
VSD - harsh systolic murmur at LSE
Terse are 4 features of the teralogy
Exercise induced syncope - main ymptom
Right sided aortic arch in 20%
Blalock Taussig shunt - is of left sublacian artery to pulmonary artery - a palliative procedure often needed before total repair in order to allow increased growth of pulmoanry vasculature
Long QT
low Electrolytes MAKES TORSADES
Low temperature or T4
Eclectrolytes low: Mg/Ca/K
Mitral valve prolapse ACS or carditis Ketoconazole Erythromycin/clrithromycin Schizophrenia Rx
Terfenadine/Tamoxifen One a+c antiarrhythmics Rheumatic fever Sotalol (class III antiarrrhythmics) Amiodarone Depression Rx (esp TCAs: amitriptyline) Subarachnoid hamorrhage/Syndromes/Sleep***
NB class Ib antiarrhythmics (lidocaine) do not alter QT
CAUSES OF AF
HELPS TIM’S ACHES
HTN
EtOH -acute or chronic abuse
Lone (idiopathic)
Pneumonia (+sepsis)
Thyrotoxicosis
Ischaemic Heart disease
Mitral valve (stenosis>regurg)
Sick Sinus Syndrome
Aberrant pathway conduction/ASD/Atrial myxoma
Carditis/Cardiomyopathy/CABG,Caffeine excess
Haemochromatosis
Embolism pulmonary
Sarcoid
ACHES denotes rarer causes
weak left radial pulse
CATS
Coarctation
Arterial line/ Angiogram/ Atherosclerosis/Arteritis
Thromboembolism/Trauma
Subclavian stenosis
Causes of collapsing pulse
SPLAT
AORTIC REGURGITATION Sever anaemia Paget's/PDA Loss of conduction tissue (complete heart block) Atherosclerosis of aorta/ AV fistulae THyrotoxicosis (High output states)
causes of LBBB
CATHOLIC
Coronary artery disease Aortic valve disease (esp stenosis) Tetralogy of Fallot HTN/Haemochromatosis/HIV Operations to heart LVH Insertion of RV pacemaker Cardiopmyopathies and myocarditis
Low voltage ECGs caused by:
PITCHS Pericardial effusion Infiltrative disease / Infarction T4 low levels COPD/Cardiomyopathies Hypopituitarism Severe obesity
WPW associations
Einstein’s MATHS
Ebstein's abnormality Mitral valve prolapse ASD thyrotoxicosis Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Sex ration (male to female 2:1)
remember to avoid AVN blocking drugs, adenosine, digoxin, verapamil
Causes of Pleural effusion exudate
PANDA SPRINTS
Pneumonia Abscess/Asbestosis Neoplasm Dresslers syndrome Acute rheumaric fever
Surgery cardiothoracic Pancreatitis/PAN Rheumatoid arthritis Infarction (ie PE) Nails : yellow nail syndrome Trauma/ TB SLE/Scleroderma/Sjogrens
CXR solitary nodule can be caused by…
ABCDEFGHIJ
Artefacts Bening tumours cancer (and metastases) Dilated bronchus Effusion AV Fistula Granuloma (TB, sarcoid, histoplasmosis, coccidiomycosis) Hydatid cysts Infections Joint disease (rheumatoid noduleaz)
Interstitial lung diseae
FIST ACHED
Fungi
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Sarcoid
TB/Tumours
Asbestosis Connective tissue disease Histiocytosis X Eosinophilic granuloma/Environmental/EAA Drugs
Upper lobe fibrosis/interstitial shadowing
HAS PASTE
Histoplasmosis
Ankylosing spondylitis
Silicosis
Pneumoconiosis ABPA Sarcoid TB EAA
Lower lobe fibrosis/interstitial shadowing
BBC MANS Gold CAB
Bleomycin
Busulphan
Cyclophosphamide
Methotrexate.Melphalan
Amiodarone
Nitrofurantoin
Sulfasalazine
Gold
CFA/Connective tissue disease
Asbestosis
Bronchiectasis
RADIOTHERAPY CAN CAUSE FIBROSIS WHEREVER IT IS APPLIED
most drugs that cause fibrosis do so for the lower lobe
CURB 65
Confusion
Urea >7mmol/l
Respiratory rate >=30
BP low: SBP=65 years old
Causes of finger Clubbing
Respiratory: malignancy, infection (abscess, empyema), bronchiectasis, fibrosing alveolitis
Cardiac: congenital cyanotic heart disease (fallot’s tetralogy, transposition of the great arteries), acyanotic heart disease (PDA with reversal of shunt (clubbing in toes only), infective nedocarditis
Subclavian artery aneurysm (unilateral clubbing)
GIT disease (cirrhosis, PBC, IBD, malabsorptio, coelic, whipple’s disease)
