mmmmm Flashcards
is theethicalbelief that there are absolute standards against whichmoralquestions can be judged, and that certain actions are right or wrong, regardless of the context of the act.
Moral Absolutism
states thatmoralityis decided by the individual. The individual is the measuring stick that decides right and wrong.
__________ They are based on personal tastes, feelings, and opinions.
Moral Subjectivism
also known as cultural relativism, says that moral standards are culturally defined, which is generally true. Indeed, there may be a few values that seem nearly universal, such as honesty and respect, but many differences appear across cultures when people evaluate moral standards around the world.
Moral relativism
is ameta-ethicaltheory which proposes that an action’s status asmorally good is equivalent to whether it is commanded byGod. The theory asserts that what is moral is determined by what God commands, and that for a person to be moral is to follow his commands.
Divine command theory
is an effort to provide an answer to the practical question “whatought a person to do?” The answer is that a person ought to act so as to maximize happiness or pleasure and to minimize unhappiness or pain.
Utilitarianism
Types of consequentialism
Ethical Egoism
Ethical Altruism
Utilitarianism
A theory that suggests an action is good or bad depending on its outcome.
An action that brings about more benefit than harm is good, while an action that causes more harm than benefit is not.
Consequentialism
a theory that suggests actions are good or bad according to a clear set of rules. Its name comes from the Greek word deon, meaning duty.
Actions that obey these rules are ethical, while actions that do not, are not. This ethical theory is most closely associated with German philosopher, Immanuel Kant.
Ethics of Deontology
place special emphasis on the relationship between duty and the morality of human actions rather than based on the consequences of the action.
Deontology
At this stage, people follow these internalized principles of justice, even if they conflict with laws and rules.
universal ethical principles
was a teleologist because he believed that every object has what he referred to as a final cause. The Greek term telos refers to what we might call a purpose, goal, end or true final function of an object.
Aristotle
The earliest stages of moral development, obedience and punishment, are especially common in young children, but adults are also capable of expressing this type of reasoning. At this stage, Kohlberg says, people see rules as fixed and absolute.
Obeying the rules is important because it is a means to avoid punishment.
Level 1. Preconventional Morality
was a scholar in disciplines such as ethics, metaphysics, biology and botany, amongst others. It is fitting, therefore, that his moral philosophy is based around assessing the broad characters of human beings rather than assessing singular acts in isolation.
Aristotle (384–322 BC)
This stage is focused on maintaining social order. At this stage of moral development, people begin to consider society as a whole when making judgments. The focus is on maintaining law and order by following the rules, doing one’s duty, and respecting authority.
Level 2. Conventional Morality
Often referred to as the “good boy-good girl“ orientation, the stage of the interpersonal relationship of moral development is focused on living up tosocial expectations and roles. There is an emphasis onconformity, being “nice,” and consideration of how choices influence relationships.
Level 2. Conventional Morality
