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* Sem 3 - Stuff I Don't Know * > MMF SBA > Flashcards

MMF SBA Flashcards

1
Q

Knee injury

Unhappy triad

A

Anterior cruciate ligament
Medial meniscus
Medial collateral ligament

(Often from a twisting motion)

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2
Q

Tetralogy of fallout

A

Ventricular septal defect (VSD), pulmonary valve stenosis, overriding aorta, right ventricular hypertrophy
Cyanosis after birth
Able to breathe on own after several hours without surgical intervention

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3
Q

BP stages of hypertension

A 
White coat hypertension - 
Prehypertension - 120-139 / 80-89
Stage 1 - 140-159 / 90-99
Stage 2 - 160-179 / 100-109
Stage 3 - 180-209 / 110-119

Normal - less than 120 / 80

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4
Q

Hypotension
Thunderclap headache
Photophobia

A

Meningitis + sepsis -> Meningitis with meningococcaemia

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5
Q

Who do you need to contact when meningitis is diagnosed?

A

Public Health England

Meningitis is a notifiable disease

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6
Q

Molecules that inhibit gastric acid secretion

A

Secretin
Cholecystokinin
Protons
Amino acids

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7
Q

Interstitial tissue layers from lumen to outermost

A 
Mucosa
Submucosa
Circular muscle
Longitudinal muscle
Serosa
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8
Q

Describe the feeling of varicocoele

A

Like a bag of worms

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9
Q

How is glucose reabsorbed in the nephron

A

Secondary active transport
Basolateral Na+/K+ ATPase creates a sodium concentration gradient and glucose follows sodium through the SGLT2, a sodium glucose symporter using the already established concentration gradient.

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10
Q

First-line antibiotic for an uncomplicated UTI

A

Nitrofurantoin

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11
Q

Cervical cancer screening - level of prevention

A

Secondary - Aim is to pick up asymptomatic disease

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12
Q

Positive predictive value

A

Probability those with a positive screening result actually have the disease

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13
Q

Negative predictive value

A

Probability those with a negative screening test result don’t have the disease

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14
Q

Sensitivity

A

Proportion of patients with the disease that get a positive test result

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15
Q

Specificity

A

The proportion of patients without the disease that get a negative test result

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16
Q

Effect of fibre on high cholesterol

A

Fibre sequesters cholesterol and hence lowers cholesterol and QRISK
Eat more fruit and veg

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17
Q

QRISK Score

A

Estimates the risk of a person developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) over the next 10 years

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18
Q

Contents of the spermatic cord

A 
Testicular artery
Cremasteric artery
Artery to vas
Testicular vein (within pampiniform plexus)
Cremasteric vein
Vein to vas
Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve from lumbar plexus
Sympathetic innervations
Vas deferens
Processus vaginalis
Lymph vessels
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19
Q

Coverings of the spermatic cord

A 
Cremasteric muscle (derived from internal oblique) - outer covering of spermatic cord
External spermatic fascia (derived from external oblique)
Internal oblique (derived from transversalis fascia(
20
Q

Cortisol is released from which layer of the adrenal gland?

A

Zona fasciculata

Adrenal cortex = GFR -> Salt, sugar, sex
Zona glomerulosa - Salt = Mineralocorticoids (outer-most layer of cortex)
Zona fasciculata - Sugar = Glucocorticoids
Zona reticularis - Sex = Androgens

Capsule - Catecholamines (dopamine, adrenaline, noradrenaline)

21
Q

What structure becomes the median umbilical ligament?

A

Urachus

Urachus is a remnant of the allantois (that is obliterated)
Function of urachus in fetal life - connection between umbilicus and bladder for drainage

22
Q

Marasmus

A

Overall insufficient energy intake (including protein)

Reintroduce food slowly, underweight, wizened appearance

23
Q

Kwashiorkor

A

Insufficient protein intake
Food must be reintroduced slowly due to downregulation of enzymes in food cycles
Swollen abdomen

24
Q

HPV strains most associated with genital infections

A

Strains 6 and 11 - genital warts

25
Q

HPV strains associated with cervical cancer

A

16 and 18

26
Q

Trochlear nerve origin

A

Dorsal part of midbrain
Long intracranial route
CN IV

27
Q

Epithelial cell of the thyroid gland

A

Simple cuboidal

28
Q

Common tumour markers found in ovarian cancer

A

CA-125

29
Q

Common pancreatic tumour markers

A

Ca-19-9

30
Q

AFP tumour marker

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

31
Q

PSA tumour marker

A

Prostate carcinomas

32
Q

HCG tumour marker

A

Testicular tumours

33
Q

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome abnormality

A

Lysyl oxidase deficiency

Mutation in type 5 collagen

34
Q

Scurvy deficiency

A

Vitamin C

Prolyl hydroxylase function affected

35
Q

Gene mutated in Marfans syndrome

A

Fibrillin gene

36
Q

Inheritance pattern of homocystinuria

A

Autosomal recessive

37
Q

Hypospadias

A

Defect in genital folds

Opening of urethra is on the underside rather than at the glans penis

38
Q

When the kidneys ascend, they are most likely to arrest under which artery?

A

Inferior mesenteric

Horseshoe kidney - if kidneys become too close during ascent, they can fuse together and arrest under IMA (first unpaired artery)

39
Q

Common complications of fibrous repair

A

Keloid scar
Loss of function
Disruption of complex tissues
Excessive scar contraction

40
Q

Hypertrophic scar

A

A scar that stays within the boundaries of the incision

41
Q

Which cell is typically found in tuberculosis

A

Langerhans giant cell

Caseous necrosis

42
Q

PTH actions

A

Stimulated by: Parathyroid hormone releasing peptide

Stimulates calcium reabsorption in bones and stimulates reabsorption in the kidneys

43
Q

Molecule produced by the liver to regulate iron absorption

A

Hepcidin

Hepcidin binds to ferroportin, preventing enterocytes from absorbing iron

44
Q

Lateral cleft lip

A

Failure of fusion of medial nasal prominence and the maxillary prominence

45
Q

Horners syndrome

A

Damage to the sympathetic supplying muscles for pupillary dilation, superior tarsal muscle and the sweat glands

46
Q

Bell’s Palsy

A

Temporary weakness or paralysis affecting one side of your face
Facial nerve palsy

47
Q

Direct Coombs test

A

Used to test for haemolytic anaemia
Measures a particular protein found on the surface of RBCs

(Indirect Coombs test measures proteins found free in the blood, unbound)

* Sem 3 - Stuff I Don't Know * (7 decks)

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