MMF SBA Flashcards by Beth Clayton

Knee injury

Unhappy triad

Anterior cruciate ligament
Medial meniscus
Medial collateral ligament

(Often from a twisting motion)

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Tetralogy of fallout

Ventricular septal defect (VSD), pulmonary valve stenosis, overriding aorta, right ventricular hypertrophy
Cyanosis after birth
Able to breathe on own after several hours without surgical intervention

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BP stages of hypertension

White coat hypertension - 
Prehypertension - 120-139 / 80-89
Stage 1 - 140-159 / 90-99
Stage 2 - 160-179 / 100-109
Stage 3 - 180-209 / 110-119

Normal - less than 120 / 80

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Hypotension
Thunderclap headache
Photophobia

Meningitis + sepsis -> Meningitis with meningococcaemia

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Who do you need to contact when meningitis is diagnosed?

Public Health England

Meningitis is a notifiable disease

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Molecules that inhibit gastric acid secretion

Secretin
Cholecystokinin
Protons
Amino acids

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Interstitial tissue layers from lumen to outermost

Mucosa
Submucosa
Circular muscle
Longitudinal muscle
Serosa

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Describe the feeling of varicocoele

Like a bag of worms

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How is glucose reabsorbed in the nephron

Secondary active transport
Basolateral Na+/K+ ATPase creates a sodium concentration gradient and glucose follows sodium through the SGLT2, a sodium glucose symporter using the already established concentration gradient.

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First-line antibiotic for an uncomplicated UTI

Nitrofurantoin

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Cervical cancer screening - level of prevention

Secondary - Aim is to pick up asymptomatic disease

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Positive predictive value

Probability those with a positive screening result actually have the disease

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Negative predictive value

Probability those with a negative screening test result don’t have the disease

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Sensitivity

Proportion of patients with the disease that get a positive test result

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Specificity

The proportion of patients without the disease that get a negative test result

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Effect of fibre on high cholesterol

Fibre sequesters cholesterol and hence lowers cholesterol and QRISK
Eat more fruit and veg

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QRISK Score

Estimates the risk of a person developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) over the next 10 years

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Contents of the spermatic cord

Testicular artery
Cremasteric artery
Artery to vas
Testicular vein (within pampiniform plexus)
Cremasteric vein
Vein to vas
Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve from lumbar plexus
Sympathetic innervations
Vas deferens
Processus vaginalis
Lymph vessels

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Coverings of the spermatic cord

Cremasteric muscle (derived from internal oblique) - outer covering of spermatic cord
External spermatic fascia (derived from external oblique)
Internal oblique (derived from transversalis fascia(

Cortisol is released from which layer of the adrenal gland?

Zona fasciculata

Adrenal cortex = GFR -> Salt, sugar, sex
Zona glomerulosa - Salt = Mineralocorticoids (outer-most layer of cortex)
Zona fasciculata - Sugar = Glucocorticoids
Zona reticularis - Sex = Androgens

Capsule - Catecholamines (dopamine, adrenaline, noradrenaline)

What structure becomes the median umbilical ligament?

Urachus

Urachus is a remnant of the allantois (that is obliterated)
Function of urachus in fetal life - connection between umbilicus and bladder for drainage

Marasmus

Overall insufficient energy intake (including protein)

Reintroduce food slowly, underweight, wizened appearance

Kwashiorkor

Insufficient protein intake
Food must be reintroduced slowly due to downregulation of enzymes in food cycles
Swollen abdomen

HPV strains most associated with genital infections

Strains 6 and 11 - genital warts

HPV strains associated with cervical cancer

16 and 18

Trochlear nerve origin

Dorsal part of midbrain Long intracranial route CN IV

Epithelial cell of the thyroid gland

Simple cuboidal

Common tumour markers found in ovarian cancer

CA-125

Common pancreatic tumour markers

Ca-19-9

AFP tumour marker

Hepatocellular carcinoma

PSA tumour marker

Prostate carcinomas

HCG tumour marker

Testicular tumours

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome abnormality

Lysyl oxidase deficiency | Mutation in type 5 collagen

Scurvy deficiency

Vitamin C | Prolyl hydroxylase function affected

Gene mutated in Marfans syndrome

Fibrillin gene

Inheritance pattern of homocystinuria

Autosomal recessive

Hypospadias

Defect in genital folds | Opening of urethra is on the underside rather than at the glans penis

When the kidneys ascend, they are most likely to arrest under which artery?

Inferior mesenteric Horseshoe kidney - if kidneys become too close during ascent, they can fuse together and arrest under IMA (first unpaired artery)

Common complications of fibrous repair

Keloid scar Loss of function Disruption of complex tissues Excessive scar contraction

Hypertrophic scar

A scar that stays within the boundaries of the incision

Which cell is typically found in tuberculosis

Langerhans giant cell Caseous necrosis

PTH actions

Stimulated by: Parathyroid hormone releasing peptide | Stimulates calcium reabsorption in bones and stimulates reabsorption in the kidneys

Molecule produced by the liver to regulate iron absorption

Hepcidin Hepcidin binds to ferroportin, preventing enterocytes from absorbing iron

Lateral cleft lip

Failure of fusion of medial nasal prominence and the maxillary prominence

Horners syndrome

Damage to the sympathetic supplying muscles for pupillary dilation, superior tarsal muscle and the sweat glands

Bell’s Palsy

Temporary weakness or paralysis affecting one side of your face Facial nerve palsy

Direct Coombs test

Used to test for haemolytic anaemia Measures a particular protein found on the surface of RBCs (Indirect Coombs test measures proteins found free in the blood, unbound)