mm pp 9 Flashcards by Jenn Kirkpatrick

Enterococcus were once known as _______

Group D Streptococcus (Have group D Antigen like S. bovis)

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Enterococcus are gram ________ and are arranged in _______ or short chains

Positive, Pairs

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Enterococcus are ________ anaerobes

Facultative

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Enterococcus are catalase _______

negative

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Enterococcus can tolerate _______% NaCl and _______% Bile salts

6.5% and 40%

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Enterococcus colonize the ______ of humans and animals

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Enterococcus has no major __________ yet has _______

Virulence factor, serious infections

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Enterococcus Adhesion molecules-

Bind the mucosal linings

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Enterococcus contain _______ and proteases

Cytolysins (hemolysis)

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Enterococcus resistance to abx’s can be ________ or __________

Genetic (Such as nafcillin, oxacillin, cephalosporins or Acquired (aminoglycosides, vancomycin)

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Enterococcus is usually treated with ________ and ________

Ampicillin and Vancomycin

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Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus (VRE)-

First reported in 1989. Now 20% are VRE

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Newer Abx for resistant strains of enterococcus include ___________

Linrzolid and tigecucline

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E. faecalis and E. faecium is commonly found in the ______ and genitourinary tract

Enteric (10^5 to 10^7 E. faecalis/g feces)

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Enterococcus diseases can be _______ or ________

Opportunistic or Nosocomial infections and come fromlengthy hospital stay or lengthy use of Abx

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E. gallinarium and E. casseliflavus are ________, but not VRE

Vancomycin resistant

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Gram Positive, Catalase Negative bacteria include ____________

Enterococcus Streptococcus, abiotrophia, Granulicatella, Lactococcus, aerococcus, etc

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Bacillus are gram ________ and are _______forming rods

Positive and are spore forming rods

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Bacillus are obligate and facultative ________

Aerobes

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B. anthracis-

Cause Anthrax- Herbivore animals and humans

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B. anthracis have large spore forming rods that create __________ and grouped in __________

endospores, individual cells to long chains

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The spores of B. anthracis are usually not present in ________ samples

Clinical

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There are _______ strains of B. anthracis

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B. anthracis ______ and ______ are the most lethal

Ames and Vollum

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Bacillus sphaericus spores were found in _________ from millions of years beforehand

Amber

Records of anthrax were found as far back as ________

1500 BC

B. anthracis contains a _______ that protects it from phagocytosis

Capsule

Three toxins of B. anthracis on pXO1 plasmid in virulent strains-

Protective Antigen, Lethal Factor, and edema factor

Protective Antigen (PA)-

Binds surface receptor and forms pore that is bound by other two toxins- Endocytosis

Lethal Factor (LF)-

Metalloprotease that inactivates a kinase (MAP) and causes inflammation and cell death. Kills macrophages. (Releases TNF alpha and IL-1B from macrophage causing tissue damage)

Edema Factor (EF)-

Is an edenylate cyclase and increases cytoplasmic cAMP- Ca 2+ influx

Three types of B. anthracis infections:

1. Cutaneous- Inoculation of spores in the skin

Inhalation of B. anthracis is called:

Wool Sorters disease

B. anthracis spore size-

Less than 5 micro meter particles

Shock and death in B. anthracis inhalation occurs within ________ days of initial symptoms

________ enlarge in inhalation of B. anthracis spores

Lymph nodes due to alveolar macrophage phagocytosis and migration

__________ can be used to help treat B. anthracis

Doxycycline, Penicillin and ciprofloxacin for months

1979 Sverdlovsk

B. anthracis case where lots of people died

2001 Postal Service

B. anthracis with 11 inhalation and 5 deaths with 11 cutaneous infections

Bacillus cereus-

Can cause GI food poisoning eye infections, and UTI's.

Bacillus cereus toxins-

Enterotoxins and necrotic toxin

B. cereus food poisoning-

Vomiting with a heat stable enterotoxin which is taken from spoiled rice where the spores survive the cooking process. Can also cause diarrhea with a heat labile entertoxin from contaminated meats and veggies where the spores germinate in the intestines and toxins secreted

B. cereus treatment-

Vancomycin, clindamycin

Listeriais a _________ anaerobe

Facultative

Listeria is non-sporulating and contains short gram _________ rods or coccobacilli

Positive

Listeria commonly is __________ with end over end tumbling

Motile

Infections from Listeria are commonly from ____________ or from mother to neonate

Contaminated food

L. monocytogenes infects __________ in Peyers patches and then goes cell to cell from budding

macrophages

L. monocytogenes produces a ________ with an incubation period as long as two months

Exotoxin

Pregnant or ________ are at risk of L. monocytogenes infections

Immunocompromised

Mortality rate in people with L. monocytogenes is around __________

20-30%

Listeria uses ________ to infect another cell

Actin

Bacterial protein ________ coordinates the assembly of actin in the cells

ActA

2011 Listeria outbreak

From canteloupe from Jensen farms in Holly, CO. CDC says 109 people have been sickened by it including 21 dead

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae-

Slender pleomorphic gram positive rods with filaments

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is commonly taken from _________ and ________

Swine and turkey handlers. Occupational hazard

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae has a capsule for protection and uses _________ for attachment and protection

Neurominidase

Corynebacteriuym are ________ or facultative ________

Aerobic or facultative anaerobes

Corynebacterium are gram _______

Positive

Corynebacterium are non-_________

Motile

Corynebacterium shape-

Pleomorphic rods that have club shapes or pallisades

Cell wall of corynebacterium is composed of ___________

Mycolic acids, arabinose, and mesodiaminopimelic acid

Corynebacteria contain metachromatic granules which are _________

Phosphate inclusions that cause "barred" appearance of the cell.

Corynebacteria is ubiquitous on ________ and colonizes the skin, respiratory system, urinary, and genital tracts

plants and in animals and humans

Corynebacterium has a lot of ________ carriers

Asymptomatic

Diphtheria Toxin-

Inhibits polypeptide synthesis which results in cell death

tox gene is from the _________

lysogenic Beta-Phage

Diphtheria toxin is a _______ exotoxin with ___ peptides

A-B exotoxin, 2

B toxin of the diphtheria toxin binds _________

heparin-binding epidermal growth factor on many cells such as heart and nerve cells

A toxin of diphtheria toxin inhibits ____________

Elongation factor 2

1 molecule of diphtheria toxin can ___________

inhibit all protein synthesis in a cell and cause cell death

Signs and symptoms of Diphtheria toxin-

Cardiac arrhythmias, neural involvement, coma and then death

High iron can activate diphtheria toxin _______

Repressor

Diphtheria infections are ___________ in immune or partially immune individuals

Asymptomatic

Non-immune individuals have __________ formation from severe respiratory infection with diphtheria

Pseudomembrane from fluid that has thickened and adheres to respiratory tract

Cutaneous diphtheria causes cell death and formation of ________

Pseudomembranes on the skin

Diphtheria has a _________% mortality rate

5-10%

Diphtheria vaccination-

DPT or Tdap which is a toxoid vaccine

Treatment for diphtheria is _______

penecillin and erythromycin

C. jeikeium-

Immunocompromised individuals it can cause catheter and wound infections and develop septicemia

C.urealyticum-

UTI's and wounds that cause septicemia and endocarditis

C. amycolatum-

wound, catheters, UTI's which cause septicemia

C. minutissimum-

Skin and eye infections