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Med Micro Exam 3 > mm pp 9 > Flashcards

mm pp 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Enterococcus were once known as _______

A

Group D Streptococcus (Have group D Antigen like S. bovis)

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2
Q

Enterococcus are gram ________ and are arranged in _______ or short chains

A

Positive, Pairs

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3
Q

Enterococcus are ________ anaerobes

A

Facultative

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4
Q

Enterococcus are catalase _______

A

negative

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5
Q

Enterococcus can tolerate _______% NaCl and _______% Bile salts

A

6.5% and 40%

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6
Q

Enterococcus colonize the ______ of humans and animals

A

GI

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7
Q

Enterococcus has no major __________ yet has _______

A

Virulence factor, serious infections

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8
Q

Enterococcus Adhesion molecules-

A

Bind the mucosal linings

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9
Q

Enterococcus contain _______ and proteases

A

Cytolysins (hemolysis)

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10
Q

Enterococcus resistance to abx’s can be ________ or __________

A

Genetic (Such as nafcillin, oxacillin, cephalosporins or Acquired (aminoglycosides, vancomycin)

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11
Q

Enterococcus is usually treated with ________ and ________

A

Ampicillin and Vancomycin

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12
Q

Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus (VRE)-

A

First reported in 1989. Now 20% are VRE

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13
Q

Newer Abx for resistant strains of enterococcus include ___________

A

Linrzolid and tigecucline

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14
Q

E. faecalis and E. faecium is commonly found in the ______ and genitourinary tract

A

Enteric (10^5 to 10^7 E. faecalis/g feces)

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15
Q

Enterococcus diseases can be _______ or ________

A

Opportunistic or Nosocomial infections and come fromlengthy hospital stay or lengthy use of Abx

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16
Q

E. gallinarium and E. casseliflavus are ________, but not VRE

A

Vancomycin resistant

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17
Q

Gram Positive, Catalase Negative bacteria include ____________

A

Enterococcus Streptococcus, abiotrophia, Granulicatella, Lactococcus, aerococcus, etc

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18
Q

Bacillus are gram ________ and are _______forming rods

A

Positive and are spore forming rods

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19
Q

Bacillus are obligate and facultative ________

A

Aerobes

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20
Q

B. anthracis-

A

Cause Anthrax- Herbivore animals and humans

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21
Q

B. anthracis have large spore forming rods that create __________ and grouped in __________

A

endospores, individual cells to long chains

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22
Q

The spores of B. anthracis are usually not present in ________ samples

A

Clinical

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23
Q

There are _______ strains of B. anthracis

A

89

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24
Q

B. anthracis ______ and ______ are the most lethal

A

Ames and Vollum

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25
Q

Bacillus sphaericus spores were found in _________ from millions of years beforehand

A

Amber

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26
Q

Records of anthrax were found as far back as ________

A

1500 BC

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27
Q

B. anthracis contains a _______ that protects it from phagocytosis

A

Capsule

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28
Q

Three toxins of B. anthracis on pXO1 plasmid in virulent strains-

A

Protective Antigen, Lethal Factor, and edema factor

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29
Q

Protective Antigen (PA)-

A

Binds surface receptor and forms pore that is bound by other two toxins- Endocytosis

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30
Q

Lethal Factor (LF)-

A

Metalloprotease that inactivates a kinase (MAP) and causes inflammation and cell death. Kills macrophages. (Releases TNF alpha and IL-1B from macrophage causing tissue damage)

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31
Q

Edema Factor (EF)-

A

Is an edenylate cyclase and increases cytoplasmic cAMP- Ca 2+ influx

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32
Q

Three types of B. anthracis infections:

A
  1. Cutaneous- Inoculation of spores in the skin
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33
Q

Inhalation of B. anthracis is called:

A

Wool Sorters disease

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34
Q

B. anthracis spore size-

A

Less than 5 micro meter particles

35
Q

Shock and death in B. anthracis inhalation occurs within ________ days of initial symptoms

A

3

36
Q

________ enlarge in inhalation of B. anthracis spores

A

Lymph nodes due to alveolar macrophage phagocytosis and migration

37
Q

__________ can be used to help treat B. anthracis

A

Doxycycline, Penicillin and ciprofloxacin for months

38
Q

1979 Sverdlovsk

A

B. anthracis case where lots of people died

39
Q

2001 Postal Service

A

B. anthracis with 11 inhalation and 5 deaths with 11 cutaneous infections

40
Q

Bacillus cereus-

A

Can cause GI food poisoning eye infections, and UTI’s.

41
Q

Bacillus cereus toxins-

A

Enterotoxins and necrotic toxin

42
Q

B. cereus food poisoning-

A

Vomiting with a heat stable enterotoxin which is taken from spoiled rice where the spores survive the cooking process. Can also cause diarrhea with a heat labile entertoxin from contaminated meats and veggies where the spores germinate in the intestines and toxins secreted

43
Q

B. cereus treatment-

A

Vancomycin, clindamycin

44
Q

Listeriais a _________ anaerobe

A

Facultative

45
Q

Listeria is non-sporulating and contains short gram _________ rods or coccobacilli

A

Positive

46
Q

Listeria commonly is __________ with end over end tumbling

A

Motile

47
Q

Infections from Listeria are commonly from ____________ or from mother to neonate

A

Contaminated food

48
Q

L. monocytogenes infects __________ in Peyers patches and then goes cell to cell from budding

A

macrophages

49
Q

L. monocytogenes produces a ________ with an incubation period as long as two months

A

Exotoxin

50
Q

Pregnant or ________ are at risk of L. monocytogenes infections

A

Immunocompromised

51
Q

Mortality rate in people with L. monocytogenes is around __________

A

20-30%

52
Q

Listeria uses ________ to infect another cell

A

Actin

53
Q

Bacterial protein ________ coordinates the assembly of actin in the cells

A

ActA

54
Q

2011 Listeria outbreak

A

From canteloupe from Jensen farms in Holly, CO. CDC says 109 people have been sickened by it including 21 dead

55
Q

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae-

A

Slender pleomorphic gram positive rods with filaments

56
Q

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is commonly taken from _________ and ________

A

Swine and turkey handlers. Occupational hazard

57
Q

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae has a capsule for protection and uses _________ for attachment and protection

A

Neurominidase

58
Q

Corynebacteriuym are ________ or facultative ________

A

Aerobic or facultative anaerobes

59
Q

Corynebacterium are gram _______

A

Positive

60
Q

Corynebacterium are non-_________

A

Motile

61
Q

Corynebacterium shape-

A

Pleomorphic rods that have club shapes or pallisades

62
Q

Cell wall of corynebacterium is composed of ___________

A

Mycolic acids, arabinose, and mesodiaminopimelic acid

63
Q

Corynebacteria contain metachromatic granules which are _________

A

Phosphate inclusions that cause “barred” appearance of the cell.

64
Q

Corynebacteria is ubiquitous on ________ and colonizes the skin, respiratory system, urinary, and genital tracts

A

plants and in animals and humans

65
Q

Corynebacterium has a lot of ________ carriers

A

Asymptomatic

66
Q

Diphtheria Toxin-

A

Inhibits polypeptide synthesis which results in cell death

67
Q

tox gene is from the _________

A

lysogenic Beta-Phage

68
Q

Diphtheria toxin is a _______ exotoxin with ___ peptides

A

A-B exotoxin, 2

69
Q

B toxin of the diphtheria toxin binds _________

A

heparin-binding epidermal growth factor on many cells such as heart and nerve cells

70
Q

A toxin of diphtheria toxin inhibits ____________

A

Elongation factor 2

71
Q

1 molecule of diphtheria toxin can ___________

A

inhibit all protein synthesis in a cell and cause cell death

72
Q

Signs and symptoms of Diphtheria toxin-

A

Cardiac arrhythmias, neural involvement, coma and then death

73
Q

High iron can activate diphtheria toxin _______

A

Repressor

74
Q

Diphtheria infections are ___________ in immune or partially immune individuals

A

Asymptomatic

75
Q

Non-immune individuals have __________ formation from severe respiratory infection with diphtheria

A

Pseudomembrane from fluid that has thickened and adheres to respiratory tract

76
Q

Cutaneous diphtheria causes cell death and formation of ________

A

Pseudomembranes on the skin

77
Q

Diphtheria has a _________% mortality rate

A

5-10%

78
Q

Diphtheria vaccination-

A

DPT or Tdap which is a toxoid vaccine

79
Q

Treatment for diphtheria is _______

A

penecillin and erythromycin

80
Q

C. jeikeium-

A

Immunocompromised individuals it can cause catheter and wound infections and develop septicemia

81
Q

C.urealyticum-

A

UTI’s and wounds that cause septicemia and endocarditis

82
Q

C. amycolatum-

A

wound, catheters, UTI’s which cause septicemia

83
Q

C. minutissimum-

A

Skin and eye infections

Med Micro Exam 3 (2 decks)

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