ML 3 (practice conditions and augmented feedback) Flashcards
When it comes to training volume, is more better?
nah m8,
after a certain amount of practice, retention benefit no longer increases, and possibly decreases
What is overlearning?
the continuation of practice beyond the amount needed to reach a performance criterion
point of diminishing return
What are two ways of practice distribution?
Massed practice
Distributed practice
What is massed practice?
the amount of rest between trials/sessions is short
What is distributed practice?
the amount of rest between trials/sessions is long
Which method is more effective given a certain amount of time, massed or distributed practice?
distributed gave better overall outcome and retention in a golf putting scenario.
- (Dail & Christina, 2004)
Which method (massed vs distributed) is more effective for
a) immediate retention
b) delayed retention
???
a) massed
b) distributed
- (Panchuk et al, 2013)
How do complexity and difficulty differ?
complexity = no. of elements to the skill and/or degree of info processing and attentional demands difficulty = speed and space used during the skill
How does more elements lead to greater complexity of skill?
more elements = greater information processing and attentional demand
Outline the 4 strategies to practice parts of a skill
fractionisation: one part at a time before whole skill
segmentation: a, a+b, a+b+c etc.
simplification: reducing object difficult, attentional demands, speed etc.
focus on part while practicing whole
In what scenario may segmentation skill practice be appropriate?
when there is large coordination between elements of the skill
Outline the feedback control process if the task if dart throwing w/ emphasis on technique
> optimal situation : perfect technique
controlled system : muscular and dart, body throws the dart
outcome: patterning of the throw
receptors : mechanoreceptors , listening to a external feedback or technique via EMG, kinematics etc.
error transform : system will attempt to correct next throw based on the difference between the ideal and the outcome
Outline the feedback control process if the task if dart throwing w/ emphasis on hitting the bullseye
> optimal situation : hitting the bullseye
controlled system : muscular and dart, body throws the dart
outcome: where the dart lands
receptors : visual (score)
error transform : system will attempt to correct next throw based on the difference between the ideal and the outcome (e.g. if your throw was a double 20, intention for next throw is the exert less force or alter the trajectory of the throw)
What is augmented feedback?
enhanced feedback that the sensory system cannot provide
What are the two types of augmented feedback?
Knowledge of Results (KoR)
Knowledge of Performance (KoP)
Describe Knowledge of Results and give examples
externally presented information about the outcome performance
- error
- score
- yes/no
Describe Knowledge of Performance and give examples
externally presented information about the movement characteristics that determined the performance outcome
- timing
- joint angle pattern
- overall technique
What is the role of augmented feedback?
to facilitate and motivate
When is augmented feedback necessary?
> if sensory feedback is not available (e.g. blind golf)
> sensory feedback is available but the performer lacks to capability to evaluate (e.g.inexperienced)
What are some examples of when augmented feedback may help high level performers?
> trying to move a barbell as quickly as possible or to a target speed
multi-limb coordination is important
When is augmented feedback detrimental to learning?
> feedback is wrong or misguided
learner becomes dependent on feedback
beginners rely on augmented feedback, whether correct or not…
- (Ford et al, 2007)
What information may feedback contain?
> error (what is wrong)
> reference (what is correct performance)
In what situations are error and reference feedback best suited?
error for better performance
reference for motivation
In what scenarios may KoR be used for feedback?
- to confirm own assessment
- when outcome is not available
- for motivation
- when fostering discovery learning (problem solving)
- to focus on effects (external focus)
In what scenarios may KoP be used for feedback?
- when movements need to follow specific patterns
- when skills require complex coordination
- when KoR is redundant
- to induce specific muscle activation profiles
What forms may KoP be presented in and why would you use them?
> verbal : tell learner what to focus on
video : allows learner to see what went wrong and provide solutions
movement kinematics/kinetics: larger variety of different types/amounts of feedback info
What is concurrent feedback?
feedback given during performance of the skill
What is terminal feedback?
feedback given after conclusion of the skill
Why is concurrent feedback not ideal to be given all the time (especially with beginners)?
performer develops a reliance on the feedback in order to perform the skill
Is concurrent or terminal feedback better for retention purposes?
terminal
- (Buchanan & Wong, 2012)
Why may a reduced frequency of feedback aid the learning process?
allows more opportunity for individual problem solving / discovery learning
Why is it important to have a delay between performance of skill and KoR?
allows processing of information (intrinsic) and planning for next trial.
Is 100% feedback frequency optimal for learning?
no
What are some methods to reduce feedback frequency?
self-selected
summary of attemtpts
Compare implicit and explicit learning
explicit : coach gives instructions of how to perform skill
implicit : athlete encouraged to learn with minimal assistance and cues, to give athlete ownership of movement and reduce reliance on coach
What are the benefits of implicit learning over explicit learning?
> more stable under pressure
decreased reliance on instruction
skills more durable over time
attentional demand is lower, therefore attention can be placed elsewhere in a sport to benefit performance
What are some methods of implicit learning?
- decrease amount of verbal instruction or use of analogy
2. decrease amount of verbal feedback and encourage athlete to use sensory methods of feedback
