ML 3 (practice conditions and augmented feedback)

Question 1

When it comes to training volume, is more better?

Answer 1

nah m8,

after a certain amount of practice, retention benefit no longer increases, and possibly decreases

Question 2

What is overlearning?

Answer 2

the continuation of practice beyond the amount needed to reach a performance criterion

point of diminishing return

Question 3

What are two ways of practice distribution?

Answer 3

Massed practice

Distributed practice

Question 4

What is massed practice?

Answer 4

the amount of rest between trials/sessions is short

Question 5

What is distributed practice?

Answer 5

the amount of rest between trials/sessions is long

Question 6

Which method is more effective given a certain amount of time, massed or distributed practice?

Answer 6

distributed gave better overall outcome and retention in a golf putting scenario.

• (Dail & Christina, 2004)

Question 7

Which method (massed vs distributed) is more effective for
a) immediate retention
b) delayed retention
???

Answer 7

a) massed
b) distributed

• (Panchuk et al, 2013)

Question 8

How do complexity and difficulty differ?

Answer 8

complexity = no. of elements to the skill and/or degree of info processing and attentional demands
difficulty = speed and space used during the skill

Question 9

How does more elements lead to greater complexity of skill?

Answer 9

more elements = greater information processing and attentional demand

Question 10

Outline the 4 strategies to practice parts of a skill

Answer 10

fractionisation: one part at a time before whole skill
segmentation: a, a+b, a+b+c etc.
simplification: reducing object difficult, attentional demands, speed etc.
focus on part while practicing whole

Question 11

In what scenario may segmentation skill practice be appropriate?

Answer 11

when there is large coordination between elements of the skill

Question 12

Outline the feedback control process if the task if dart throwing w/ emphasis on technique

Answer 12

> optimal situation : perfect technique
controlled system : muscular and dart, body throws the dart
outcome: patterning of the throw
receptors : mechanoreceptors , listening to a external feedback or technique via EMG, kinematics etc.
error transform : system will attempt to correct next throw based on the difference between the ideal and the outcome

Question 13

Outline the feedback control process if the task if dart throwing w/ emphasis on hitting the bullseye

Answer 13

> optimal situation : hitting the bullseye
controlled system : muscular and dart, body throws the dart
outcome: where the dart lands
receptors : visual (score)
error transform : system will attempt to correct next throw based on the difference between the ideal and the outcome (e.g. if your throw was a double 20, intention for next throw is the exert less force or alter the trajectory of the throw)

Question 14

What is augmented feedback?

Answer 14

enhanced feedback that the sensory system cannot provide

Question 15

What are the two types of augmented feedback?

Answer 15

Knowledge of Results (KoR)

Knowledge of Performance (KoP)

Question 16

Describe Knowledge of Results and give examples

Answer 16

externally presented information about the outcome performance

• error
• score
• yes/no

Question 17

Describe Knowledge of Performance and give examples

Answer 17

externally presented information about the movement characteristics that determined the performance outcome

• timing
• joint angle pattern
• overall technique

Question 18

What is the role of augmented feedback?

Answer 18

to facilitate and motivate

Question 19

When is augmented feedback necessary?

Answer 19

> if sensory feedback is not available (e.g. blind golf)

> sensory feedback is available but the performer lacks to capability to evaluate (e.g.inexperienced)

Question 20

What are some examples of when augmented feedback may help high level performers?

Answer 20

> trying to move a barbell as quickly as possible or to a target speed
multi-limb coordination is important

Question 21

When is augmented feedback detrimental to learning?

Answer 21

> feedback is wrong or misguided
learner becomes dependent on feedback

beginners rely on augmented feedback, whether correct or not…
- (Ford et al, 2007)

Question 22

What information may feedback contain?

Answer 22

> error (what is wrong)

> reference (what is correct performance)

Question 23

In what situations are error and reference feedback best suited?

Answer 23

error for better performance

reference for motivation

Question 24

In what scenarios may KoR be used for feedback?

Answer 24

1. to confirm own assessment
2. when outcome is not available
3. for motivation
4. when fostering discovery learning (problem solving)
5. to focus on effects (external focus)

Question 25

In what scenarios may KoP be used for feedback?

Answer 25

1. when movements need to follow specific patterns 2. when skills require complex coordination 3. when KoR is redundant 4. to induce specific muscle activation profiles

Question 26

What forms may KoP be presented in and why would you use them?

Answer 26

> verbal : tell learner what to focus on > video : allows learner to see what went wrong and provide solutions > movement kinematics/kinetics: larger variety of different types/amounts of feedback info

Question 27

What is concurrent feedback?

Answer 27

feedback given during performance of the skill

Question 28

What is terminal feedback?

Answer 28

feedback given after conclusion of the skill

Question 29

Why is concurrent feedback not ideal to be given all the time (especially with beginners)?

Answer 29

performer develops a reliance on the feedback in order to perform the skill

Question 30

Is concurrent or terminal feedback better for retention purposes?

Answer 30

terminal | - (Buchanan & Wong, 2012)

Question 31

Why may a reduced frequency of feedback aid the learning process?

Answer 31

allows more opportunity for individual problem solving / discovery learning

Question 32

Why is it important to have a delay between performance of skill and KoR?

Answer 32

allows processing of information (intrinsic) and planning for next trial.

Question 33

Is 100% feedback frequency optimal for learning?

Answer 33

no

Question 34

What are some methods to reduce feedback frequency?

Answer 34

self-selected | summary of attemtpts

Question 35

Compare implicit and explicit learning

Answer 35

explicit : coach gives instructions of how to perform skill implicit : athlete encouraged to learn with minimal assistance and cues, to give athlete ownership of movement and reduce reliance on coach

Question 36

What are the benefits of implicit learning over explicit learning?

Answer 36

>more stable under pressure >decreased reliance on instruction >skills more durable over time >attentional demand is lower, therefore attention can be placed elsewhere in a sport to benefit performance

Question 37

What are some methods of implicit learning?

Answer 37

1. decrease amount of verbal instruction or use of analogy | 2. decrease amount of verbal feedback and encourage athlete to use sensory methods of feedback