Mixed Flashcards
Elevation is which ECG leads indicates an MI on the anterior, septal, lateral or inferior surfaces of the heart?
Anterior: V1-6
Inferior: II, III, aVF
Lateral: I, aVL,
Septal: V2-4
Which medication improves survival in congestive heart failure?
ACE inhibitors (lisinopril)
What is the first assessment done of an acutely unwell patient?
ABCDE
What is the best blood to be given to increase clotting when the liver is damaged?
Fresh frozen plasma - contains all the clotting factors
What acutely reverses the effect of warfarin (when fit K ineffective)?
PCC (prothrombin clotting complex)
Which parts of the respiratory tree have no cartilage?
Bronchioles + alveoli
What are the palpable components of the larynx?
Hyoid, cricoid, thyroid
What is the blood supply to the diaphragm?
Branches of thoracic aorta
What is the management of oesophagitis?
PPI (omeprazole)
What is ranitidine used to treat?
Stomach/intestinal ulcers,
GORD
What is used to treat benign oesophageal strictures?
Dilation of oesophagus (prevent the symptom of dysphagia) - balloon dilation
What is the permanent treatment of achalasia if young and fit?
Myotomy (Hellers cardiomyotomy)
What is the first line management of ascites?
Paracentesis (first line relief), then medicinal management (spironolactone)
What is the treatment for primary biliary cirrhosis and auto-immune hepatitis?
PBC: urseodeoxycholic acid
Auto-immune: prednisolone
What investigation is done for norovirus?
PCR (as is a virus)
What investigation is done for diarrhoea of bacterial source (inc food poisoning)?
Stool culture
Which form on influenza causes pandemics?
Influenza A
How is coeliac screened for and diagnosed?
Screening: TTG (tissue transglutaminase)
Diagnosis: duodenal biopsy
What is macrocytic anaemia and what test is used to diagnose it?
Not enough haemoglobin in the blood due to decreased blood cells (large red blood cells)
Diagnosis: Schillings test
What antibiotic is used to treat pseudomonas aeruginosa?
Ciproflaxacin
What factor other than weight is a the best predictor of CVS risk?
Waist circumference
Indicates visceral fat
What is the MUAC (mid upper arm circumference) used to indicate?
BMI (malnutrition)
How many pulmonary arteries and veins are there passing through the hilum?
1 pulmonary artery
2 pulmonary veins
What separates the lobes of the lungs?
Infolding of VISCERAL pleura
What bones form the nasal septum?
Vomer bone + perpendicular bone of ethmoid
Which bone of the skull do 2 of the muscles of mastication attach to?
Sphenoid bone
Lateral (open) and medial (close) pterygoid
Which bacterium is the most common cause of food poisoning?
Campylobacter
What is meckels and how can it present?
Congenital diverticulum
Presents in young patients - can be as malaena
Which blood test indicates sickle cell anaemia?
Full blood count
What investigation shows emboli in intestinal arteries?
CT angiography
What is the cause of most congenital abnormalities?
Unknown
How is type 1 or type 2 respiratory failure identified?
ABGs
What is the somatic sensory and the somatic motor innervation of the face?
Somatosensory: Trigeminal nerve
Somatomotor: Facial nerve
What is the most inferior bilateral branches of the abdominal aorta?
Gonadal = L2
L1: SMA, L1-2: renal, L2: gonadal, L3: IMA, L4: aortic bifurcation
What white blood cells are present in rash?
Is an allergic reaction so eosinophils/basophils
What white blood cells are present in bacterial and viral infections?
Bacterial: neutrophils
Viral: lymphocytes
What is the process for translation of an ECG?
- Name and DOB
- Time taken
- Calibration (25mm/sec, 1cm/mV)
- Axis
- Rhythm strip
a) electrical activity present
b) Regular/irregular
c) HR
d) P waves present
e) PR interval 0.12-0.2ms
f) QRS complexes present
g) QRS <3 boxes - ST elevation or T wave depression
If Gamma GT is raised alone what can this be due to?
Alcohol
What can raise ALP?
Vit D deficiency,
Bone disorders (mets),
Pregnancy,
Biliary tree damage
Which clinical sign can pulmonary hypertension cause?
Elevated JVP
What murmur is associated with a ventral septal defect?
Pansystolic murmur (the quieter the murmur the larger the defect)
What is a paraneoplastic syndrome of adenocarcinoma in the lung?
Gynaecomastia
What type of lung cancer causes hypercalcaemia?
SCC
Which type of lung cancer causes Lambert-Eaton myasthenia syndrome?
Small cell carcinoma
What symptoms (2) are associated with right sided heart failure?
JVP and ankle oedema
What is the symptom of pulmonary oedema?
Breathlessness when lying flat
What is the CXR sign of a pleural effusion?
Blunting of the costophrenic recess
How is the axis determined from an ECG?
NORMAL: II is the most upright QRS
RIGHT: III = up, I = -ve (RVH)
LEFT: I = up, II/III = -ve
What antibodies are detected in primary biliary cirrhosis and auto-immune hepatitis?
PBC: AMA (anti mitochondrial antibodies)
AIH: ASMA (anti smooth muscle antibodies)
Heart failure on which side causes ankle oedema and which side causes pulmonary oedema?
Right heart failure = ankle oedema
Left heart failure = pulmonary oedema
Of sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation, which causes erection and which causes ejaculation?
Erection: parasympathetic
Ejaculation: sympathetic
