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CHEM 46 3RD AND 4TH > Mixed 2 > Flashcards

Mixed 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What enzyme primarily digests lipids in the small intestine?
A) Lingual lipase
B) Gastric lipase
C) Pancreatic lipase
D) Bile salts

A

C) Pancreatic lipase

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2
Q

Bile salts help in the digestion of triglycerides by __________ them into smaller units.

A

solubilizing

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3
Q

Which lipoprotein is synthesized in the small intestine from dietary fat?
A) LDL
B) VLDL
C) HDL
D) Chylomicrons

A

D) Chylomicrons

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4
Q

Lipase action on triglycerides releases monoglycerols, fatty acids, and __________.

A

glycerol

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5
Q

Which lipoprotein transports cholesterol from the liver to extrahepatic tissues?
A) HDL
B) LDL
C) VLDL
D) Chylomicrons

A

B) LDL

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6
Q

HDL transports cholesterol from extrahepatic tissues to the __________.

A

liver

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7
Q

What is the primary role of bile salts in lipid digestion?
A) Emulsification
B) Hydrolysis
C) Absorption
D) Transport

A

A) Emulsification

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8
Q

Lipoproteins are made up of lipids, including cholesterol, surrounded by __________ and apolipoproteins.

A

phospholipids

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9
Q

Which lipoprotein is known as “good” cholesterol?
A) Chylomicrons
B) LDL
C) HDL
D) VLDL

A

C) HDL

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10
Q

VLDL is the transporter of __________ triglycerides.

A

endogenous

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11
Q

During the absorptive state, what hormone mediates the increased absorption of glucose into cells?
A) Glucagon
B) Insulin
C) Epinephrine
D) Cortisol

A

B) Insulin

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12
Q
A
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13
Q

What is the preferred energy source for resting skeletal muscles?
A) Glucose
B) Fatty acids
C) Amino acids
D) Ketone bodies

A

B) Fatty acids

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14
Q

The brain relies primarily on __________ as its energy source.

A

glucose

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15
Q

Which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate in the liver?
A) Hexokinase
B) Glucokinase
C) Phosphofructokinase
D) Pyruvate kinase

A

B) Glucokinase

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16
Q

The post-absorptive state is characterized by the return of __________ to normal concentrations in the blood.

A

glucose

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17
Q

Which process produces ketone bodies during the post-absorptive state?
A) Glycolysis
B) Gluconeogenesis
C) Beta-oxidation
D) Lipolysis

A

C) Beta-oxidation

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18
Q

Glycerol produced by lipase action is converted to __________ as a precursor for glucose synthesis.

A

DHAP (dihydroxyacetone phosphate)

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19
Q

What are the two priorities guiding the liver during the post-absorptive state?
A) Fat storage and protein synthesis
B) Glucose maintenance and fat mobilization
C) Energy production and ketone body formation
D) Gluconeogenesis and glycolysis

A

B) Glucose maintenance and fat mobilization

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20
Q

Acetyl CoA is a critical junction point for the metabolism of __________ and fats.

A

carbohydrates

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21
Q

What molecule is an allosteric regulator of phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)?
A) ATP
B) Citrate
C) Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate
D) Pyruvate

A

C) Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate

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22
Q

Pyruvate is converted to __________ in active muscle cells.

A

lactate

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23
Q

Which hormone enhances gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis in the liver?
A) Insulin
B) Glucagon
C) Epinephrine
D) Cortisol

A

B) Glucagon

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24
Q

The primary alternative energy source for the brain during fasting is __________ bodies.

A

ketone

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25
Q

Which enzyme is involved in the irreversible conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA?
A) Pyruvate carboxylase
B) Pyruvate dehydrogenase
C) Lactate dehydrogenase
D) Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase

A

B) Pyruvate dehydrogenase

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26
Q

Succinyl CoA is common to the metabolism of carbohydrates and __________-numbered fatty acids.

A

odd

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27
Q

What is the key junction metabolite that determines the direction of glucose metabolism?
A) Pyruvate
B) Acetyl CoA
C) Glucose-6-phosphate
D) Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

A

C) Glucose-6-phosphate

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28
Q

Insulin mediates the activity of __________, enhancing the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate.

A

glucokinase

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29
Q

Which metabolite acts as an allosteric regulator by increasing the affinity of PFK-1 for its substrate?
A) ATP
B) Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate
C) Citrate
D) Pyruvate

A

B) Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate

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30
Q

In the post-absorptive state, decreased glucose-6-phosphate levels trigger __________ in the liver.

A

gluconeogenesis

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31
Q

Which hormone is known as the “fight or flight” hormone?
A) Insulin
B) Glucagon
C) Epinephrine
D) Cortisol

A

C) Epinephrine

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32
Q

Glucagon enhances the release of glucose from the liver by mediating gluconeogenesis and __________.

A

glycogenolysis

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33
Q

What is the effect of insulin on glucose uptake in cells?
A) Inhibits uptake
B) No effect
C) Mediates uptake
D) Decreases uptake

A

C) Mediates uptake

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34
Q

Key metabolites that regulate carbohydrate and fat metabolism include glucose-6-phosphate and __________.

A

acetyl CoA

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35
Q

Which enzyme is allosterically inhibited by ATP and citrate?
A) Hexokinase
B) Glucokinase
C) Phosphofructokinase-1
D) Pyruvate kinase

A

C) Phosphofructokinase-1

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36
Q

The concentration of substrates and the ratio of reduced and oxidized states of __________ control the flow of intermediates through metabolic pathways.

A

coenzymes

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37
Q

Which hormone-sensitive lipase hydrolyzes triacylglycerols during the post-absorptive state?
A) Lipoprotein lipase
B) Pancreatic lipase
C) Adipose triglyceride lipase
D) Hormone-sensitive lipase

A

D) Hormone-sensitive lipase

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38
Q

The process of β-oxidation involves the breakdown of fatty acids into __________.

A

acetyl CoA

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39
Q

What is the end product of glycolysis?
A) Glucose
B) Acetyl CoA
C) Pyruvate
D) Lactate

A

C) Pyruvate

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40
Q

Epinephrine facilitates the rapid unloading of __________ into cells for energy production.

A

glucose

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41
Q

Which intermediate is formed during the Krebs cycle that is a precursor for gluconeogenesis?
A) Citrate
B) Oxaloacetate
C) Succinyl CoA
D) Alpha-ketoglutarate

A

B) Oxaloacetate

42
Q

Ketone bodies are produced in the __________ during prolonged fasting or carbohydrate restriction.

A

liver

43
Q

What enzyme catalyzes the formation of malonyl CoA in fatty acid synthesis?
A) Acetyl CoA carboxylase
B) Fatty acid synthase
C) Carnitine acyltransferase
D) Pyruvate carboxylase

A

A) Acetyl CoA carboxylase

44
Q

Gluconeogenesis primarily occurs in the __________ and kidneys during prolonged fasting.

A

liver

45
Q

Which process converts excess carbohydrates into fatty acids?
A) Glycolysis
B) Glycogenesis
C) Lipogenesis
D) Gluconeogenesis

A

C) Lipogenesis

46
Q

Beta-oxidation of fatty acids generates __________ and NADH for energy production.

A

FADH2

47
Q

Which lipoprotein contains the highest percentage of protein?
A) LDL
B) HDL
C) VLDL
D) Chylomicrons

A

B) HDL

48
Q

The synthesis of fatty acids from acetyl CoA occurs in the __________.

A

cytoplasm

49
Q

What is the major regulatory step in cholesterol biosynthesis?
A) Formation of mevalonate
B) Conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate
C) Synthesis of squalene
D) Conversion of lanosterol to cholesterol

A

B) Conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate

50
Q

The enzyme __________ degrades triacylglycerols stored in adipose tissue to release fatty acids.

A

hormone-sensitive lipase

51
Q

Which pathway is responsible for the production of NADPH?
A) Glycolysis
B) Citric acid cycle
C) Pentose phosphate pathway
D) Beta-oxidation

A

C) Pentose phosphate pathway

52
Q

The reduction of dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) forms __________ in lipid metabolism.

A

glycerol

53
Q

What is the main function of carnitine in lipid metabolism?
A) Transports fatty acids into mitochondria
B) Activates fatty acids for degradation
C) Synthesizes fatty acids
D) Degrades fatty acids

A

A) Transports fatty acids into mitochondria

54
Q

Lipogenesis occurs when the energy state is __________ and there is an excess of carbohydrates.

A

high

55
Q

Which molecule is a key intermediate in the synthesis of both glycerolipids and sphingolipids?
A) Glycerol-3-phosphate
B) Acetyl CoA
C) Ceramide
D) Palmitate

A

A) Glycerol-3-phosphate

56
Q

__________, generated by glycolysis, is a precursor for triglyceride and phospholipid synthesis.

A

Glycerol-3-phosphate

57
Q

Which enzyme catalyzes the committed step in fatty acid synthesis?
A) Fatty acid synthase
B) Acetyl CoA carboxylase
C) HMG-CoA reductase
D) Pyruvate dehydrogenase

A

B) Acetyl CoA carboxylase

58
Q

During periods of fasting, ketone bodies can be used as an energy source by the __________.

A

brain

59
Q

Which enzyme converts cholesterol into bile acids?
A) HMG-CoA reductase
B) Cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase
C) Acetyl CoA carboxylase
D) Lipoprotein lipase

A

B) Cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase

60
Q

The production of ketone bodies from acetyl CoA is called __________.

A

ketogenesis

61
Q

Which apolipoprotein is primarily associated with HDL?
A) ApoB-100
B) ApoC-II
C) ApoE
D) ApoA-I

A

D) ApoA-I

62
Q

Lipoprotein lipase, located on the endothelial cells, hydrolyzes __________ in lipoproteins.

A

triglycerides

63
Q

What is the main function of VLDL?
A) Transport dietary lipids
B) Transport cholesterol to tissues
C) Transport endogenous triglycerides
D) Transport free fatty acids

A

C) Transport endogenous triglycerides

64
Q

HDL particles are involved in the reverse transport of __________ from tissues to the liver.

A

cholesterol

65
Q

Which enzyme is responsible for the hydrolysis of triacylglycerol in chylomicrons?
A) Lipoprotein lipase
B) Pancreatic lipase
C) Hormone-sensitive lipase
D) Adipose triglyceride lipase

A

A) Lipoprotein lipase

66
Q

Cholesterol esters are formed by the enzyme __________ in HDL particles.

A

LCAT (lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase)

67
Q

What role does ApoB-100 play in lipid metabolism?
A) Acts as a ligand for LDL receptors
B) Activates lipoprotein lipase
C) Inhibits lipoprotein lipase
D) Activates LCAT

A

A) Acts as a ligand for LDL receptors

68
Q

Elevated levels of LDL in the blood can lead to __________, a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases.

A

atherosclerosis

69
Q

Which lipoprotein is known for transporting cholesterol from peripheral tissues back to the liver?
A) LDL
B) VLDL
C) HDL
D) Chylomicrons

A

C) HDL

70
Q

The lipoprotein responsible for transporting dietary lipids from the intestines to other locations in the body is __________.

A

chylomicrons

71
Q

What is the primary cause of familial hypercholesterolemia?
A) Deficiency in lipoprotein lipase
B) Deficiency in LDL receptors
C) Excess production of VLDL
D) Excess production of chylomicrons

A

B) Deficiency in LDL receptors

72
Q

A deficiency in the enzyme lipoprotein lipase can result in elevated levels of __________ in the blood.

A

triglycerides

73
Q

Which condition is characterized by the accumulation of cholesterol and cholesteryl esters in macrophages?
A) Atherosclerosis
B) Hepatic steatosis
C) Niemann-Pick disease
D) Tangier disease

A

A) Atherosclerosis

74
Q

Tangier disease is caused by a defect in the __________ transporter involved in HDL formation.

A

ABCA1

75
Q

Which genetic disorder is associated with a defect in the enzyme acid sphingomyelinase?
A) Niemann-Pick disease
B) Gaucher disease
C) Fabry disease
D) Tay-Sachs disease

A

A) Niemann-Pick disease

76
Q

Gaucher disease is caused by a deficiency in the enzyme __________, leading to the accumulation of glucocerebroside.

A

glucocerebrosidase

77
Q

What is a common symptom of metabolic syndrome?
A) Low blood pressure
B) High HDL levels
C) Insulin resistance
D) Low triglyceride levels

A

C) Insulin resistance

78
Q

The clinical condition characterized by excessive fat accumulation in the liver is called __________.

A

hepatic steatosis

79
Q

Which enzyme deficiency leads to the lysosomal storage disorder Tay-Sachs disease?
A) Hexosaminidase A
B) Glucocerebrosidase
C) Acid sphingomyelinase
D) Alpha-galactosidase

A

A) Hexosaminidase A

80
Q

Deficiency in the enzyme alpha-galactosidase causes __________ disease.

A

Fabry

81
Q

What is the primary site for beta-oxidation of fatty acids?
A) Cytoplasm
B) Mitochondria
C) Endoplasmic reticulum
D) Peroxisomes

A

B) Mitochondria

82
Q

Beta-oxidation of odd-chain fatty acids produces acetyl CoA and __________.

A

propionyl CoA

83
Q

Which enzyme catalyzes the first step of beta-oxidation?
A) Acetyl CoA carboxylase
B) Carnitine acyltransferase
C) Fatty acyl-CoA synthetase
D) Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase

A

D) Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase

84
Q

Peroxisomes are involved in the oxidation of very __________-chain fatty acids.

A

long

85
Q

Which disorder is characterized by the inability to transport long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondria?
A) Carnitine deficiency
B) Niemann-Pick disease
C) Fabry disease
D) Tay-Sachs disease

A

A) Carnitine deficiency

86
Q

Refsum disease is caused by a defect in the metabolism of __________ fatty acids.

A

branched-chain

87
Q

Which enzyme deficiency leads to the disorder MCAD (Medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase) deficiency?
A) Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
B) Acetyl CoA carboxylase
C) Carnitine acyltransferase
D) Fatty acyl-CoA synthetase

A

A) Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase

88
Q

Zellweger syndrome is a disorder of __________ biogenesis affecting the oxidation of long-chain fatty acids.

A

peroxisome

89
Q

What is the primary symptom of carnitine deficiency?
A) Hyperglycemia
B) Muscle weakness
C) Hypercholesterolemia
D) Hypotension

A

B) Muscle weakness

90
Q

Adrenoleukodystrophy is a peroxisomal disorder that affects the metabolism of very long-chain __________.

A

fatty acids

91
Q

Which tissue is primarily responsible for the synthesis and release of ketone bodies?
A) Brain
B) Liver
C) Muscle
D) Adipose tissue

A

B) Liver

92
Q

The Cori cycle involves the transport of __________ from muscles to the liver, where it is converted back to glucose.

A

lactate

93
Q

What is the primary function of adipose tissue in energy metabolism?
A) Store glycogen
B) Produce glucose
C) Store triglycerides
D) Release ketone bodies

A

C) Store triglycerides

94
Q

The urea cycle, which eliminates excess nitrogen, takes place primarily in the __________.

A

liver

95
Q

Which enzyme is a key regulator of the citric acid cycle and is inhibited by high levels of ATP?
A) Citrate synthase
B) Isocitrate dehydrogenase
C) Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
D) Succinate dehydrogenase

A

B) Isocitrate dehydrogenase

96
Q

Fatty acids are broken down by beta-oxidation in the __________ of cells.

A

mitochondria

97
Q

What is the role of malonyl CoA in fatty acid metabolism?
A) Inhibits beta-oxidation
B) Activates lipolysis
C) Synthesizes ketone bodies
D) Transports fatty acids into mitochondria

A

A) Inhibits beta-oxidation

98
Q

During prolonged fasting, __________ becomes the major energy source for the brain after glucose is depleted.

A

ketone bodies

99
Q

Which enzyme is involved in the activation of fatty acids for beta-oxidation?
A) Fatty acid synthase
B) Acetyl CoA carboxylase
C) Fatty acyl-CoA synthetase
D) Carnitine acyltransferase

A

C) Fatty acyl-CoA synthetase

100
Q

Glucose-6-phosphatase is an enzyme involved in the final step of __________, converting glucose-6-phosphate to glucose.

A

gluconeogenesis

CHEM 46 3RD AND 4TH (3 decks)

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