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CHEM 46 3RD AND 4TH > Mixed > Flashcards

Mixed Flashcards

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1
Q

The enzyme that catalyzes the fixation of CO₂ in the Calvin Cycle is called __________.

A

RUBISCO

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2
Q

Which of the following is NOT a stage in the Calvin Cycle?

A) Carboxylation
B) Reduction
C) Regeneration
D) Oxidation

A

D) Oxidation

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3
Q

The Calvin Cycle is also known as the __________ reaction pathway.

A

photosynthetic dark

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4
Q

What molecule is regenerated at the end of the Calvin Cycle?

A) Glucose
B) NADPH
C) Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate
D) 3-Phosphoglycerate

A

C) Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate

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5
Q

The reduction stage of the Calvin Cycle involves the conversion of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to __________.

A

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

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6
Q

In the glycerol phosphate shuttle, what is the final electron acceptor?

A) NADH
B) FAD
C) NADPH
D) ATP

A

B) FAD

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7
Q

The malate-aspartate shuttle transports electrons from NADH in the cytoplasm to NAD⁺ in the __________.

A

mitochondria

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8
Q

How many ATP molecules are produced from one molecule of glucose during glycolysis?

A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 8

A

A) 2

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9
Q

In the anaerobic phase of glycolysis, the total ATP gain is __________.

A

2 ATP

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10
Q

Which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA?

A) Pyruvate dehydrogenase
B) Hexokinase
C) Phosphofructokinase
D) Citrate synthase

A

A) Pyruvate dehydrogenase

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11
Q

During the aerobic phase, the conversion of succinate to fumarate is coupled with the reduction of __________ to __________.

A

FAD to FADH₂

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12
Q

What is the net gain of ATP molecules from one round of the Krebs cycle per molecule of glucose?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

A

C) 3

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13
Q

The enzyme __________ catalyzes the substrate-level phosphorylation in glycolysis, converting phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate.

A

pyruvate kinase

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14
Q

Which of the following is NOT an intermediate of the Krebs cycle?

A) Citrate
B) Isocitrate
C) Glucose-6-phosphate
D) α-Ketoglutarate

A

C) Glucose-6-phosphate

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15
Q

Oxaloacetate must be converted to __________ to cross the mitochondrial membrane.

A

malate

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16
Q

The first enzyme in the Krebs cycle is:

A) Citrate synthase
B) Aconitase
C) Isocitrate dehydrogenase
D) Succinate dehydrogenase

A

A) Citrate synthase

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17
Q

The total ATP yield from one molecule of glucose after complete aerobic respiration is approximately __________ ATP.

A

32-34

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18
Q

In which part of the cell does glycolysis take place?

A) Mitochondria
B) Cytoplasm
C) Nucleus
D) Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

B) Cytoplasm

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19
Q

Substrate-level phosphorylation occurs in glycolysis and the __________ cycle.

A

Krebs

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20
Q

Which coenzyme is reduced during the conversion of isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate?

A) NAD⁺
B) FAD
C) NADP⁺
D) CoA

A

A) NAD⁺

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21
Q

In the electron transport chain, the final electron acceptor is __________.

A

oxygen

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22
Q

Which of the following is NOT a product of the Krebs cycle per turn?

A) 1 ATP
B) 3 NADH
C) 1 FADH₂
D) 2 CO₂

A

D) 2 CO₂ (note: 2 CO₂ per glucose, so 1 per turn)

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23
Q

During gluconeogenesis, pyruvate is first converted to __________ before becoming phosphoenolpyruvate.

A

oxaloacetate

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24
Q

Which of the following shuttles is used predominantly in muscle cells?

A) Malate-aspartate shuttle
B) Glycerol phosphate shuttle
C) Carnitine shuttle
D) Acetate shuttle

A

C) Carnitine shuttle

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25
Q

The enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate in the Calvin Cycle is __________.

A

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase

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26
Q

What is the purpose of the electron transport chain?

A) To generate ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation
B) To oxidize glucose directly to CO₂ and H₂O
C) To transfer electrons from NADH and FADH₂ to oxygen
D) To produce glucose from pyruvate

A

C) To transfer electrons from NADH and FADH₂ to oxygen

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27
Q

The proton gradient established by the electron transport chain is used by the enzyme __________ to produce ATP.

A

ATP synthase

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28
Q

In which organelle does the Krebs cycle occur?

A) Cytoplasm
B) Mitochondria
C) Nucleus
D) Chloroplast

A

B) Mitochondria

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29
Q

The total number of NADH molecules produced from one molecule of glucose during cellular respiration is __________.

A

10

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30
Q

Which intermediate of the Krebs cycle is both a reactant and a product of the cycle?

A) Citrate
B) Malate
C) Oxaloacetate
D) Succinyl-CoA

A

C) Oxaloacetate

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31
Q

During the Calvin Cycle, for every three molecules of CO₂ fixed, __________ molecules of G3P are produced.

A

six (6)

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32
Q

Which molecule is the final acceptor of electrons in the light reactions of photosynthesis?

A) NADP⁺
B) FAD
C) ATP
D) CO₂

A

A) NADP⁺

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33
Q

The enzyme __________ catalyzes the reduction of nitrogen gas (N₂) to ammonia (NH₃) in nitrogen fixation.

A

nitrogenase

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34
Q

In which part of the plant cell does nitrogen fixation primarily occur?

A) Chloroplast
B) Mitochondria
C) Nucleus
D) Root nodules

A

D) Root nodules

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35
Q

Ammonia is incorporated into organic molecules primarily through the amino acid __________.

A

glutamine

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36
Q

Which enzyme converts ammonia to urea in the liver?

A) Urease
B) Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase
C) Glutamate dehydrogenase
D) Arginase

A

D) Arginase

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37
Q

The urea cycle begins in the __________ and continues in the __________.

A

mitochondria, cytoplasm

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38
Q

Which amino acid is a key intermediate in both the urea cycle and the citric acid cycle?

A) Arginine
B) Citrulline
C) Ornithine
D) Aspartate

A

D) Aspartate

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39
Q

The Cori cycle involves the transport of __________ from muscles to the liver where it is converted back to glucose.

A

lactate

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40
Q

Which of the following molecules can be converted to glucose through gluconeogenesis?

A) Fatty acids
B) Amino acids
C) Glycerol
D) Both B and C

A

D) Both B and C

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41
Q

__________ is the primary regulatory hormone that promotes glycogen breakdown in the liver.

A

Glucagon

42
Q

Which enzyme is responsible for breaking down glycogen into glucose-1-phosphate?

A) Glycogen synthase
B) Phosphofructokinase
C) Glycogen phosphorylase
D) Hexokinase

A

C) Glycogen phosphorylase

43
Q

The primary site for gluconeogenesis is the __________.

A

liver

44
Q

Which metabolic pathway is active when the body is in a fasting state?

A) Glycolysis
B) Gluconeogenesis
C) Glycogenesis
D) Lipogenesis

A

B) Gluconeogenesis

45
Q

The enzyme __________ is the rate-limiting step in glycolysis.

A

phosphofructokinase

46
Q

Allosteric inhibitors of phosphofructokinase include:

A) ATP and citrate
B) ADP and AMP
C) NADH and FADH₂
D) Pyruvate and lactate

A

A) ATP and citrate

47
Q

The enzyme __________ converts fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to fructose-6-phosphate in gluconeogenesis.

A

fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase

48
Q

Which enzyme is involved in both the Calvin Cycle and gluconeogenesis?

A) Pyruvate kinase
B) RUBISCO
C) Glucose-6-phosphatase
D) Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

A

D) Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

49
Q

In feedback inhibition, the end product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an enzyme that acts __________ in the pathway.

A

early

50
Q

Which molecule is an allosteric activator of pyruvate dehydrogenase?

A) NADH
B) Acetyl-CoA
C) AMP
D) ATP

A

C) AMP

51
Q

Beta-oxidation of fatty acids occurs in the __________.

A

mitochondria

52
Q

The primary storage form of lipids in the body is:

A) Phospholipids
B) Triglycerides
C) Cholesterol
D) Free fatty acids

A

B) Triglycerides

53
Q

Ketone bodies are produced in the __________ during periods of low carbohydrate intake.

A

liver

54
Q

Which enzyme catalyzes the first step of fatty acid synthesis?

A) Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
B) Fatty acid synthase
C) Carnitine acyltransferase
D) Hormone-sensitive lipase

A

A) Acetyl-CoA carboxylase

55
Q

The primary hormone that promotes lipogenesis is __________.

A

insulin

56
Q

In which cellular location does fatty acid elongation occur?

A) Cytoplasm
B) Mitochondria
C) Endoplasmic reticulum
D) Nucleus

A

C) Endoplasmic reticulum

57
Q

The conversion of glucose to fatty acids is known as __________.

A

de novo lipogenesis

58
Q

Which of the following pathways does NOT provide precursors for gluconeogenesis?

A) Glycolysis
B) Beta-oxidation
C) Pentose phosphate pathway
D) Amino acid catabolism

A

C) Pentose phosphate pathway

59
Q

__________ is a metabolic intermediate that links glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and lipid synthesis.

A

Acetyl-CoA

60
Q

The primary site of ketone body utilization is:

A) Liver
B) Muscle tissue
C) Brain
D) Adipose tissue

A

C) Brain

61
Q

The light reactions of photosynthesis take place in the __________ of the chloroplasts.

A

thylakoid membranes

62
Q

Which molecule is the primary electron donor in the light reactions of photosynthesis?

A) Water
B) NADPH
C) Glucose
D) Oxygen

A

A) Water

63
Q

The splitting of water in photosynthesis releases __________ as a byproduct.

A

oxygen

64
Q

During the light reactions, ATP is produced by:

A) Photolysis
B) Cyclic electron flow
C) Non-cyclic electron flow
D) Both B and C

A

D) Both B and C

65
Q

The primary pigment involved in capturing light energy is __________.

A

chlorophyll

66
Q

What is the main purpose of the light reactions in photosynthesis?

A) To produce glucose
B) To fix carbon dioxide
C) To generate ATP and NADPH
D) To produce oxygen

A

C) To generate ATP and NADPH

67
Q

Photosystem II absorbs light most efficiently at a wavelength of __________ nm.

A

680

68
Q

During starvation, the body shifts to using __________ as the main source of energy.

A

ketone bodies

68
Q

The electrons lost from Photosystem I are replaced by electrons from:

A) Water
B) Photosystem II
C) NADPH
D) Oxygen

A

B) Photosystem II

69
Q

Which process is directly inhibited by insulin?

A) Glycolysis
B) Gluconeogenesis
C) Lipogenesis
D) Glycogenesis

A

B) Gluconeogenesis

70
Q

__________ is the main hormone that promotes glycogen storage in the liver.

A

insulin

71
Q

The main regulatory point in the Calvin Cycle is the enzyme:

A) RUBISCO
B) Phosphofructokinase
C) ATP synthase
D) Citrate synthase

A

A) RUBISCO

72
Q

The Calvin Cycle occurs in the __________ of the chloroplasts.

A

stroma

73
Q

Which compound is both a substrate and a product of the Calvin Cycle?

A) 3-Phosphoglycerate
B) Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate
C) Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
D) Fructose-6-phosphate

A

B) Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate

74
Q

The energy required for the Calvin Cycle is provided by ATP and __________.

A

NADPH

75
Q

Which of the following steps is NOT part of the Calvin Cycle?

A) Carboxylation
B) Reduction
C) Regeneration
D) Decarboxylation

A

D) Decarboxylation

76
Q

The overall chemical equation for photosynthesis is 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + light energy → __________ + 6 O₂.

A

C₆H₁₂O₆

77
Q

Which part of the chloroplast contains the enzymes for the Calvin Cycle?

A) Thylakoid membrane
B) Stroma
C) Grana
D) Outer membrane

A

B) Stroma

78
Q

The primary function of the Calvin Cycle is to convert carbon dioxide into __________.

A

glucose

79
Q

The energy currency of the cell is:

A) NADPH
B) FADH₂
C) ATP
D) Glucose

A

C) ATP

80
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the __________ of mitochondria.

A

inner membrane

81
Q

Which molecule is regenerated during the Krebs cycle to allow the cycle to continue?

A) Citrate
B) Oxaloacetate
C) Acetyl-CoA
D) Pyruvate

A

B) Oxaloacetate

82
Q

During fermentation, pyruvate is converted to __________ in muscle cells.

A

lactate

83
Q

The light reactions of photosynthesis produce:

A) ATP and NADPH
B) Glucose and oxygen
C) CO₂ and water
D) Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate and oxygen

A

A) ATP and NADPH

84
Q

The Calvin Cycle is sometimes referred to as the __________ reactions because it does not require light.

A

dark

85
Q

The enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate is:

A) Hexokinase
B) Phosphofructokinase
C) Glucose-6-phosphatase
D) Pyruvate kinase

A

A) Hexokinase

86
Q

During glycolysis, one molecule of glucose is split into two molecules of __________.

A

pyruvate

87
Q

The total number of ATPs produced from one molecule of glucose during anaerobic respiration is:

A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 8

A

A) 2

88
Q

The main regulatory step of glycolysis is catalyzed by the enzyme __________.

A

phosphofructokinase

89
Q

Which molecule links glycolysis and the Krebs cycle?

A) NADH
B) FADH₂
C) Acetyl-CoA
D) Pyruvate

A

C) Acetyl-CoA

90
Q

The Krebs cycle is also known as the __________ cycle.

A

citric acid/TCA

91
Q

Which of the following is NOT a product of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

A) ATP
B) NADPH
C) O₂
D) Glucose

A

D) Glucose

92
Q

The initial reactant of the Krebs cycle is __________, which combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate.

A

acetyl-CoA

93
Q

The main purpose of fermentation is to:

A) Produce ATP
B) Regenerate NAD⁺
C) Produce lactate
D) Convert pyruvate to acetyl-CoA

A

B) Regenerate NAD⁺

94
Q

During oxidative phosphorylation, ATP is produced as protons flow through __________ back into the mitochondrial matrix.

A

ATP synthase

95
Q

Which of the following processes generates the most ATP?

A) Glycolysis
B) Krebs cycle
C) Oxidative phosphorylation
D) Fermentation

A

C) Oxidative phosphorylation

96
Q

The Calvin Cycle requires __________ ATP and __________ NADPH for the synthesis of one molecule of glucose.

A

18, 12

97
Q

The direct energy source for the Calvin Cycle is:

A) Light energy
B) ATP and NADPH
C) Glucose
D) Carbon dioxide

A

B) ATP and NADPH

98
Q

The enzyme that converts 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate in glycolysis is __________.

A

enolase

99
Q

The final product of glycolysis is:
A) Acetyl-CoA
B) Pyruvate
C) Citrate
D) Oxaloacetate

A

B) Pyruvate

CHEM 46 3RD AND 4TH (3 decks)

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