Mix FRCA Flashcards
1
Q
The following statements apply to equations of lines and curves:
The line y = 3-2x meets the y axis at y= -3
A
False
2
Q
The following statements apply to equations of lines and curves:
In the parabola y = 4x^2+3 cuts the y axis at x=3
A
False
3
Q
The following statements apply to equations of lines and curves:
An example of a rectangular hyperbola is pressure x volume =constant
A
False
4
Q
The following statements apply to equations of lines and curves:
If y = 2x+3, then x=(y-3)/2
A
True
5
Q
The following statements apply to equations of lines and curves:
A minimum point on a curve y = f(x) is defined by dy/dx = 0
A
True
6
Q
The value of e in y=e^x depends on the units used to measure x
A
False
7
Q
The calculation of cardiac output from a thermodilution curve is an application of differentiation
A
False
8
Q
A picofarad is 10^-9 Farad
A
False
9
Q
For the exponential function C = Cmax.e^-kt, the time constant (tau) = 0.693/k
A
False
10
Q
Velocity is a rate of change of distance in m/s<2
A
False
11
Q
Force = mass x acceleration
A
True
12
Q
Energy = force x velocity
A
False
13
Q
units of work are joules
A
True
14
Q
Electrical current I = charge Q x Time
A
False
15
Q
Presure = force x area
A
False
16
Q
Absolute pressure = gauge pressure = atmospheric pressure
A
True
17
Q
Atmospheric pressure at sea level is 1.013 x 10^3 bar
A
False
18
Q
The pascal is the unit of pressure
A
True
19
Q
10 m water pressure is equivalent to 760 mmHg
A
True
20
Q
Frictional losses mean that kinetic energy recovered is always less than the original potential energy
A
True
21
Q
Units of energy are N/m
A
False
22
Q
The kinetic energy contained in 2 kg object moving at a velocity of 4 m/sec is 32 J
A
False
23
Q
The work done in compressing a ventilator bellows of cross sectional area A, through a pressure differential P through a displacement d is Pd/A
A
False
24
Q
The work done in compressing a gas between two pressures and two volumes is proportional to the slope of the P-V curve between those two points
A
False
25
Units of heat energy are joules
True
26
When a substance changes state it does so without changing temp
Tue
27
Condensation is the main form of heat loss in patients
False
28
Temperature K=C +273
True
29
The triple point of water occure at 1 bar pressure and 273.16 K
False
30
In adiabatic energy exchange in a gas, the temperature remains constant
False
31
There is a span of 212 F between the ice point and the boiling point of water
False
32
The critical temp of water is 273.16C
False
33
Water boils at a temp which depends on ambient pressure
True
34
Compression of a gas with work W raises its heat energy content by Q where Q=W
False
35
In Gases:
| V directly proportional to T is Charles' law
True
36
In Gases:
| The pressure-temperature curve for a pefect gas crosses the temp axis at 273.16 K
False
37
In Gases:
| Boyle's law written as P.V = nRT represents an isothermal energy change
True
38
In Gases:
| P1V1 = P2V2 is a form of Guy-Lussac's law
False
39
In Gases:
P.Vy=nRT, where y=ratio of specific heat capacities at constant P and at constant V, represents an adiabatic energy change
True
40
The critical temp for O2 is -180C
False
41
Kinetic theory of gases takes into account of forces of attraction between neighbouring molecules
False
42
A vapour is a substance above its critical temp
False
43
nitrous oxide exists as a liquid in temperate climates
True
44
The critical pressure of a gas is the pressure required to liquefy it above its critical temp
False
45
Saturated vapour pressure is proportional to ambient pressure
False
46
Boiling of a liquid occurs when SVP = ambient pressure
True
47
In an uncompensated vaporiser the output falls with continued use
True
48
The output from a vaporiser at altitude decreases
False
49
The high SVP of desflurane makes it a potent agent
False
50
Absolute humidity is measured in mg/L
True
51
Air at 100% humidity caries 47 mg H2O/L
False
52
Relative humidity is the amount of water carried by a gas sample at temperature T compared to how much it can carry at room temp
False
53
A fall in ambient temperature produces condensation because the air carries more water vapor
False
54
Fully saturated air at 21C has a saturated vapour pressure of 6.3 kPa
False
55
The following question concerns aspects of partial pressure of gases and vapours and diffusion:
If the output from a vaporiser changes due to a change of ambient P it does not need recalibrating because the partial pressure of the volatile from the vaporiser is unchanged
True
56
The following question concerns aspects of partial pressure of gases and vapours and diffusion:
The partial pressure in the alveolus of nitrous oxide at 50% concentration in a gas mixture is about 70 kPa
False
57
The following question concerns aspects of partial pressure of gases and vapours and diffusion:
The law by which we may calculate partial pressures from fractional concentrations is Henry's law
False
58
The following question concerns aspects of partial pressure of gases and vapours and diffusion:
Diffusion hypoxia is due to the partial pressure difference of nitrogen between the alveolus and the blood
False
59
The following question concerns aspects of partial pressure of gases and vapours and diffusion:
Graham's law of diffusion states that, for a given partial pressure difference, the rate of diffusion of a substance is inversely proportional to the square root of density
True
60
In considering osmotic pressure:
| Equimolar solutions of sodium chloride and glucose exert similar osmotic pressure
False
61
In considering osmotic pressure:
| One mole of any substance in 22.4 L water exerts an osmotic pressure of 1 bar
True
62
In considering osmotic pressure:
| The addition of a solute to a solvent lowers its freezing point
True
63
In considering osmotic pressure:
| The addition of a solute to a solvent lowers its SVP in relation to its osmotic pressure
True
64
In considering osmotic pressure:
| The most osmotically active component in plasma are Na+ and Cl-ions
False
65
In fluid mechanics:
| Laminar flow is the most efficient form of fluid transport
True
66
In fluid mechanics:
| Laminar flow is more likely in viscous fluids
True
67
In fluid mechanics:
For a given pressure drop, the flowrate in a pipe is more likely to increase if the diameter is doubled than if the length is halved
True
68
In fluid mechanics:
| Turbulent flow is less likely in fluids of high density
False
69
In fluid mechanics:
| A venturi device can be used to measure flowrate
True
70
In a simple electric circuit:
| Voltage drop is proportional to current flowing
True
71
In a simple electric circuit:
| In a series circuit, currents add together
False
72
In a simple electric circuit:
| In a parallel circuit, the total equivalent resistance of the circuit is the sum of all component resistances
False
73
In a simple electric circuit:
| Bridge circuits are used to amplify currents
False
74
In a simple electric circuit:
| In AC the voltage alternates between + 240V and - 240V
False
75
In circuits containing capacitors:
| In DC, the current initially flows then stops
True
76
In circuits containing capacitors:
| In a circuit containing a R and a C, the characteristic time constant =R.C
True
77
In circuits containing capacitors:
| Current is proportional to rate of change of voltage
True
78
In circuits containing capacitors:
| Current increases with frequency
True
79
In circuits containing capacitors:
| A capacitor is used to store charge e.g. in a defibrillator
True
80
With regards to inductors:
| The magnetic field induced in a coil induces a voltage which increases the driving voltage drop the coil
False
81
With regards to inductors:
| The time constant of a circuit containing L and R = L.R
False
82
With regards to inductors:
| Voltage is proportional to rate of change of current
True
83
With regards to inductors:
| Current is proportional to frequency
False
84
With regards to inductors:
| In a transformer voltage change between primary and secondary windings is proportional to the windings ratio
True
85
Regarding lasers:
| Laser light is incoherent
False
86
Regarding lasers:
| Laser safety glasses need only be worn by the operator
False
87
Regarding lasers:
| Laser safety glasses should be marked with the wavelength and optical density for a specific type of laser
True
88
Regarding lasers:
| Helium Neon lasers are infra-red
False
89
Regarding lasers:
| CO2 laser light can be delivered by a fibre optic cable
False
90
Regarding lasers:
| Laser light is monochromatic
True
91
Regarding lasers:
| A Nd YAG laser is used to coagulate tissue
True
92
Regarding lasers:
| LASER stands for Light Attenuation by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
False
93
Regarding lasers:
| All lasers in medical use produce light with wavelengths between 400 and 700 nm
False
94
Regarding lasers:
| Fibre optic cables exploit total internal refraction to transmit light from one end to the other
False
95
In operational amplifiers:
| They are designed to have a high output resistance
False
96
In operational amplifiers:
| A high common mode rejection ratio means that all but the smallest input currents are rejected
False
97
In operational amplifiers:
| Can be linked to appropriate R and C components to give suitable bandwidth
True
98
In operational amplifiers:
| Can be used with single or double inputs
False
99
In operational amplifiers:
| Similar op-amp circuitry can be used for ECG, EEG and EMG
False
100
Regarding blood gas analysis:
| Air bubbles can reduce the measured PaO2
True. Normally air bubbles would cause an increase in O2, but if the PaO2 of the sample is greater than 21 kPa (i.e. that of air) then the bubbles will cause a decrease in the measure PaO2.
101
Regarding blood gas analysis:
| PaO2 measured by a gas analyzer would be higher than patient’s PaO2 at 32oC
True. The solubility of all gases decreases with increasing temperature therefore a hypothermic patient whose blood is analysed at 37oC will have a falsely elevated PO2 and PCO2.
102
Regarding blood gas analysis:
| Heparin causes a spuriously high PCO2
False. Heparin causes a spuriously low PCO2.
103
Regarding blood gas analysis:
| CO2 is measured by a Severinghaus electrode
True
104
Regarding blood gas analysis:
| The pH of the blood rises with decreasing body temperature
True. pH is strong function of temperature, falling 0.015 units per ºC rise in temperature. This is due to increasing dissociation of H+ ions.
105
Regarding the blood gas machine:
| The pH of a blood sample is measured with a pH sensitive glass bulb
True
106
Regarding the blood gas machine:
| The Clark electrode has a platinum cathode and a silver/silver chloride anode
True
107
Regarding the blood gas machine:
| HCO3- is measured using a specific ion-selective electrode
False. HCO3- is a derived result. The actual bicarbonate is calculated from the Henderson Hasselbach equation for the reaction between CO2 and H2O, and the standard bicarbonate is taken from the Sigaard Anderson nomogram.
108
Regarding the blood gas machine:
| Haemoglobin is measured using a co-oximeter
True. The co-oximeter also normally gives the oxyhaemoglobin, carboxyhaemoglobin and methaemoglobin levels, along with the oxyhaemoglobin saturations.
109
Regarding the blood gas machine:
| The Severinghaus electrode has a pH sensitive glass bulb
True. It is essentially a modified pH electrode.
110
Regarding gas measurements:
| An infrared analyzer can measure isoflurane
True. Volatile agents, N20, and CO2 can be measured using an infrared analyzer.
111
Regarding gas measurements:
| A paramagnetic analyzer can measure CO2
False. CO2 is diamagnetic and therefore cannot be measured with a paramagnetic analyzer. Only O2 can be measured with the paramagnetic analyzer.
112
Regarding gas measurements:
| Piezoelectric crystals rely on shifts in their resonant frequency to measure N2O
False. Piezoelectric crystals do rely on shifts in their resonant frequency to measure vapour concentrations, but they cannot measure N2O as it is not lipid soluble enough. They can measure halothane, isoflurane, sevoflurane etc.
113
Regarding gas measurements:
| Raman spectrometry cannot measure O2
False. A Raman spectrometer can measure any gas.
114
Regarding gas measurements:
| Gas chromatography using a thermal conductivity detector can measure O2
True. A thermal conductivity detector measures changes in the resistance of a heated wire in a gas flow and is suitable for inorganic gases e.g. N2O and O2.
115
Regarding blood gas analysis:
| A CO2 electrode is, in principle, a modified (H+) electrode
True
116
Regarding blood gas analysis:
| O2 may be measured by an infrared absorption spectrometer
False. Infrared radiation is only absorbed by gases with 2 or more different atoms in their molecules - therefore they cannot measure oxygen.
117
Regarding blood gas analysis:
| Isoflurane can be measured using an ultraviolet analyzer
False. Isoflurane is more suitably measured with an infrared analyzer.
118
Regarding blood gas analysis:
Collision broadening may cause an under-estimate of the partial pressure of CO2 in a gas mixture, when measured with an infrared analyzer
False. Collision broadening causes an over estimation of the partial pressure of CO2. This occurs because energy absorbed by CO2 from the IR radiation can be passed onto any N2O present in the gas sample. This allows the CO2 to absorb more IR radiation and consequently leads to a falsely high reading. Most IR analyzers account for this.
119
Regarding blood gas analysis:
| The magnetic property of oxygen can be used to measure its concentration in a gas mixture
True. The paramagnetic analyzer utilises this property of oxygen.
