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FRCA Physics > Mix FRCA > Flashcards

Mix FRCA Flashcards

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1
Q

The following statements apply to equations of lines and curves:
The line y = 3-2x meets the y axis at y= -3

A

False

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2
Q

The following statements apply to equations of lines and curves:
In the parabola y = 4x^2+3 cuts the y axis at x=3

A

False

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3
Q

The following statements apply to equations of lines and curves:
An example of a rectangular hyperbola is pressure x volume =constant

A

False

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4
Q

The following statements apply to equations of lines and curves:
If y = 2x+3, then x=(y-3)/2

A

True

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5
Q

The following statements apply to equations of lines and curves:
A minimum point on a curve y = f(x) is defined by dy/dx = 0

A

True

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6
Q

The value of e in y=e^x depends on the units used to measure x

A

False

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7
Q

The calculation of cardiac output from a thermodilution curve is an application of differentiation

A

False

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8
Q

A picofarad is 10^-9 Farad

A

False

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9
Q

For the exponential function C = Cmax.e^-kt, the time constant (tau) = 0.693/k

A

False

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10
Q

Velocity is a rate of change of distance in m/s<2

A

False

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11
Q

Force = mass x acceleration

A

True

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12
Q

Energy = force x velocity

A

False

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13
Q

units of work are joules

A

True

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14
Q

Electrical current I = charge Q x Time

A

False

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15
Q

Presure = force x area

A

False

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16
Q

Absolute pressure = gauge pressure = atmospheric pressure

A

True

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17
Q

Atmospheric pressure at sea level is 1.013 x 10^3 bar

A

False

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18
Q

The pascal is the unit of pressure

A

True

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19
Q

10 m water pressure is equivalent to 760 mmHg

A

True

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20
Q

Frictional losses mean that kinetic energy recovered is always less than the original potential energy

A

True

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21
Q

Units of energy are N/m

A

False

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22
Q

The kinetic energy contained in 2 kg object moving at a velocity of 4 m/sec is 32 J

A

False

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23
Q

The work done in compressing a ventilator bellows of cross sectional area A, through a pressure differential P through a displacement d is Pd/A

A

False

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24
Q

The work done in compressing a gas between two pressures and two volumes is proportional to the slope of the P-V curve between those two points

A

False

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25
Q

Units of heat energy are joules

A

True

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26
Q

When a substance changes state it does so without changing temp

A

Tue

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27
Q

Condensation is the main form of heat loss in patients

A

False

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28
Q

Temperature K=C +273

A

True

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29
Q

The triple point of water occure at 1 bar pressure and 273.16 K

A

False

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30
Q

In adiabatic energy exchange in a gas, the temperature remains constant

A

False

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31
Q

There is a span of 212 F between the ice point and the boiling point of water

A

False

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32
Q

The critical temp of water is 273.16C

A

False

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33
Q

Water boils at a temp which depends on ambient pressure

A

True

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34
Q

Compression of a gas with work W raises its heat energy content by Q where Q=W

A

False

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35
Q

In Gases:

V directly proportional to T is Charles’ law

A

True

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36
Q

In Gases:

The pressure-temperature curve for a pefect gas crosses the temp axis at 273.16 K

A

False

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37
Q

In Gases:

Boyle’s law written as P.V = nRT represents an isothermal energy change

A

True

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38
Q

In Gases:

P1V1 = P2V2 is a form of Guy-Lussac’s law

A

False

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39
Q

In Gases:
P.Vy=nRT, where y=ratio of specific heat capacities at constant P and at constant V, represents an adiabatic energy change

A

True

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40
Q

The critical temp for O2 is -180C

A

False

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41
Q

Kinetic theory of gases takes into account of forces of attraction between neighbouring molecules

A

False

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42
Q

A vapour is a substance above its critical temp

A

False

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43
Q

nitrous oxide exists as a liquid in temperate climates

A

True

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44
Q

The critical pressure of a gas is the pressure required to liquefy it above its critical temp

A

False

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45
Q

Saturated vapour pressure is proportional to ambient pressure

A

False

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46
Q

Boiling of a liquid occurs when SVP = ambient pressure

A

True

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47
Q

In an uncompensated vaporiser the output falls with continued use

A

True

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48
Q

The output from a vaporiser at altitude decreases

A

False

49
Q

The high SVP of desflurane makes it a potent agent

A

False

50
Q

Absolute humidity is measured in mg/L

A

True

51
Q

Air at 100% humidity caries 47 mg H2O/L

A

False

52
Q

Relative humidity is the amount of water carried by a gas sample at temperature T compared to how much it can carry at room temp

A

False

53
Q

A fall in ambient temperature produces condensation because the air carries more water vapor

A

False

54
Q

Fully saturated air at 21C has a saturated vapour pressure of 6.3 kPa

A

False

55
Q

The following question concerns aspects of partial pressure of gases and vapours and diffusion:
If the output from a vaporiser changes due to a change of ambient P it does not need recalibrating because the partial pressure of the volatile from the vaporiser is unchanged

A

True

56
Q

The following question concerns aspects of partial pressure of gases and vapours and diffusion:
The partial pressure in the alveolus of nitrous oxide at 50% concentration in a gas mixture is about 70 kPa

A

False

57
Q

The following question concerns aspects of partial pressure of gases and vapours and diffusion:
The law by which we may calculate partial pressures from fractional concentrations is Henry’s law

A

False

58
Q

The following question concerns aspects of partial pressure of gases and vapours and diffusion:
Diffusion hypoxia is due to the partial pressure difference of nitrogen between the alveolus and the blood

A

False

59
Q

The following question concerns aspects of partial pressure of gases and vapours and diffusion:
Graham’s law of diffusion states that, for a given partial pressure difference, the rate of diffusion of a substance is inversely proportional to the square root of density

A

True

60
Q

In considering osmotic pressure:

Equimolar solutions of sodium chloride and glucose exert similar osmotic pressure

A

False

61
Q

In considering osmotic pressure:

One mole of any substance in 22.4 L water exerts an osmotic pressure of 1 bar

A

True

62
Q

In considering osmotic pressure:

The addition of a solute to a solvent lowers its freezing point

A

True

63
Q

In considering osmotic pressure:

The addition of a solute to a solvent lowers its SVP in relation to its osmotic pressure

A

True

64
Q

In considering osmotic pressure:

The most osmotically active component in plasma are Na+ and Cl-ions

A

False

65
Q

In fluid mechanics:

Laminar flow is the most efficient form of fluid transport

A

True

66
Q

In fluid mechanics:

Laminar flow is more likely in viscous fluids

A

True

67
Q

In fluid mechanics:
For a given pressure drop, the flowrate in a pipe is more likely to increase if the diameter is doubled than if the length is halved

A

True

68
Q

In fluid mechanics:

Turbulent flow is less likely in fluids of high density

A

False

69
Q

In fluid mechanics:

A venturi device can be used to measure flowrate

A

True

70
Q

In a simple electric circuit:

Voltage drop is proportional to current flowing

A

True

71
Q

In a simple electric circuit:

In a series circuit, currents add together

A

False

72
Q

In a simple electric circuit:

In a parallel circuit, the total equivalent resistance of the circuit is the sum of all component resistances

A

False

73
Q

In a simple electric circuit:

Bridge circuits are used to amplify currents

A

False

74
Q

In a simple electric circuit:

In AC the voltage alternates between + 240V and - 240V

A

False

75
Q

In circuits containing capacitors:

In DC, the current initially flows then stops

A

True

76
Q

In circuits containing capacitors:

In a circuit containing a R and a C, the characteristic time constant =R.C

A

True

77
Q

In circuits containing capacitors:

Current is proportional to rate of change of voltage

A

True

78
Q

In circuits containing capacitors:

Current increases with frequency

A

True

79
Q

In circuits containing capacitors:

A capacitor is used to store charge e.g. in a defibrillator

A

True

80
Q

With regards to inductors:

The magnetic field induced in a coil induces a voltage which increases the driving voltage drop the coil

A

False

81
Q

With regards to inductors:

The time constant of a circuit containing L and R = L.R

A

False

82
Q

With regards to inductors:

Voltage is proportional to rate of change of current

A

True

83
Q

With regards to inductors:

Current is proportional to frequency

A

False

84
Q

With regards to inductors:

In a transformer voltage change between primary and secondary windings is proportional to the windings ratio

A

True

85
Q

Regarding lasers:

Laser light is incoherent

A

False

86
Q

Regarding lasers:

Laser safety glasses need only be worn by the operator

A

False

87
Q

Regarding lasers:

Laser safety glasses should be marked with the wavelength and optical density for a specific type of laser

A

True

88
Q

Regarding lasers:

Helium Neon lasers are infra-red

A

False

89
Q

Regarding lasers:

CO2 laser light can be delivered by a fibre optic cable

A

False

90
Q

Regarding lasers:

Laser light is monochromatic

A

True

91
Q

Regarding lasers:

A Nd YAG laser is used to coagulate tissue

A

True

92
Q

Regarding lasers:

LASER stands for Light Attenuation by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

A

False

93
Q

Regarding lasers:

All lasers in medical use produce light with wavelengths between 400 and 700 nm

A

False

94
Q

Regarding lasers:

Fibre optic cables exploit total internal refraction to transmit light from one end to the other

A

False

95
Q

In operational amplifiers:

They are designed to have a high output resistance

A

False

96
Q

In operational amplifiers:

A high common mode rejection ratio means that all but the smallest input currents are rejected

A

False

97
Q

In operational amplifiers:

Can be linked to appropriate R and C components to give suitable bandwidth

A

True

98
Q

In operational amplifiers:

Can be used with single or double inputs

A

False

99
Q

In operational amplifiers:

Similar op-amp circuitry can be used for ECG, EEG and EMG

A

False

100
Q

Regarding blood gas analysis:

Air bubbles can reduce the measured PaO2

A

True. Normally air bubbles would cause an increase in O2, but if the PaO2 of the sample is greater than 21 kPa (i.e. that of air) then the bubbles will cause a decrease in the measure PaO2.

101
Q

Regarding blood gas analysis:

PaO2 measured by a gas analyzer would be higher than patient’s PaO2 at 32oC

A

True. The solubility of all gases decreases with increasing temperature therefore a hypothermic patient whose blood is analysed at 37oC will have a falsely elevated PO2 and PCO2.

102
Q

Regarding blood gas analysis:

Heparin causes a spuriously high PCO2

A

False. Heparin causes a spuriously low PCO2.

103
Q

Regarding blood gas analysis:

CO2 is measured by a Severinghaus electrode

A

True

104
Q

Regarding blood gas analysis:

The pH of the blood rises with decreasing body temperature

A

True. pH is strong function of temperature, falling 0.015 units per ºC rise in temperature. This is due to increasing dissociation of H+ ions.

105
Q

Regarding the blood gas machine:

The pH of a blood sample is measured with a pH sensitive glass bulb

A

True

106
Q

Regarding the blood gas machine:

The Clark electrode has a platinum cathode and a silver/silver chloride anode

A

True

107
Q

Regarding the blood gas machine:

HCO3- is measured using a specific ion-selective electrode

A

False. HCO3- is a derived result. The actual bicarbonate is calculated from the Henderson Hasselbach equation for the reaction between CO2 and H2O, and the standard bicarbonate is taken from the Sigaard Anderson nomogram.

108
Q

Regarding the blood gas machine:

Haemoglobin is measured using a co-oximeter

A

True. The co-oximeter also normally gives the oxyhaemoglobin, carboxyhaemoglobin and methaemoglobin levels, along with the oxyhaemoglobin saturations.

109
Q

Regarding the blood gas machine:

The Severinghaus electrode has a pH sensitive glass bulb

A

True. It is essentially a modified pH electrode.

110
Q

Regarding gas measurements:

An infrared analyzer can measure isoflurane

A

True. Volatile agents, N20, and CO2 can be measured using an infrared analyzer.

111
Q

Regarding gas measurements:

A paramagnetic analyzer can measure CO2

A

False. CO2 is diamagnetic and therefore cannot be measured with a paramagnetic analyzer. Only O2 can be measured with the paramagnetic analyzer.

112
Q

Regarding gas measurements:

Piezoelectric crystals rely on shifts in their resonant frequency to measure N2O

A

False. Piezoelectric crystals do rely on shifts in their resonant frequency to measure vapour concentrations, but they cannot measure N2O as it is not lipid soluble enough. They can measure halothane, isoflurane, sevoflurane etc.

113
Q

Regarding gas measurements:

Raman spectrometry cannot measure O2

A

False. A Raman spectrometer can measure any gas.

114
Q

Regarding gas measurements:

Gas chromatography using a thermal conductivity detector can measure O2

A

True. A thermal conductivity detector measures changes in the resistance of a heated wire in a gas flow and is suitable for inorganic gases e.g. N2O and O2.

115
Q

Regarding blood gas analysis:

A CO2 electrode is, in principle, a modified (H+) electrode

A

True

116
Q

Regarding blood gas analysis:

O2 may be measured by an infrared absorption spectrometer

A

False. Infrared radiation is only absorbed by gases with 2 or more different atoms in their molecules - therefore they cannot measure oxygen.

117
Q

Regarding blood gas analysis:

Isoflurane can be measured using an ultraviolet analyzer

A

False. Isoflurane is more suitably measured with an infrared analyzer.

118
Q

Regarding blood gas analysis:
Collision broadening may cause an under-estimate of the partial pressure of CO2 in a gas mixture, when measured with an infrared analyzer

A

False. Collision broadening causes an over estimation of the partial pressure of CO2. This occurs because energy absorbed by CO2 from the IR radiation can be passed onto any N2O present in the gas sample. This allows the CO2 to absorb more IR radiation and consequently leads to a falsely high reading. Most IR analyzers account for this.

119
Q

Regarding blood gas analysis:

The magnetic property of oxygen can be used to measure its concentration in a gas mixture

A

True. The paramagnetic analyzer utilises this property of oxygen.

FRCA Physics (7 decks)

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