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FRCA Physics > Measurement and monitoring > Flashcards

Measurement and monitoring Flashcards

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1
Q

In pulse oximetry

the SpO2 is determined by the absorbance of light wavelengths 660nm and 940nm

A

True

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2
Q

In pulse oximetry

Methaemaglobinaemia causes the SpO2 to approach 85%

A

True

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3
Q

In pulse oximetry

Fetal haemaglobin gives an inaccurately high reading of saturation

A

False

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4
Q

In pulse oximetry

oxyhaemoglobin absorbs better at the longer wavelength

A

True

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5
Q

In pulse oximetry

The pulse oximeter is less accurate at low rather than high saturations

A

True

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6
Q

In pulse oximetry

The arterial a.c (pulsatile) component of the signal is approximately 20% of the total absorption

A

False

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7
Q

In pulse oximetry

functional saturation is defined as the ratio of oxyhaemoglobin to oxyhaemoglobin plus reduced haemoglobin

A

True

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8
Q

In pulse oximetry

beers law relates the intensity of transmitted light to the path length

A

False

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9
Q

In pulse oximetry

infrared light is only absorbed by small molecules with symmetric bonds

A

False

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10
Q

In pulse oximetry

motion artifacts produces a high a.c to d.c signal ratio

A

True

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11
Q

Causes of inaccuracies on pulse oximetry include

methaemoglobinaemia

A

True

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12
Q

Causes of inaccuracies on pulse oximetry include

fetal haemoglobin

A

False

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13
Q

Causes of inaccuracies on pulse oximetry include

hypothermia

A

True

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14
Q

Causes of inaccuracies on pulse oximetry include

blue nail polish

A

True

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15
Q

Causes of inaccuracies on pulse oximetry include

extraneous light

A

True

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16
Q

Concerning the measurement of oxygen

A clark electrode requires a polarising voltage

A

True

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17
Q

Concerning the measurement of oxygen

fuel cells can be affected by the presence of nitrous oxide

A

True

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18
Q

Concerning the measurement of oxygen

paramagnetic analyser has a slower response time than a clark electrode

A

False

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19
Q

Concerning the measurement of oxygen

A polarographic technique is used in normal blood gas analysers

A

True

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20
Q

Concerning the measurement of oxygen

oxygen saturation is directly measured using co-oximeter

A

False

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21
Q

The following are directly measured in a standard blood gas analyser
pH

A

False

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22
Q

The following are directly measured in a standard blood gas analyser
bicarbonate

A

False

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23
Q

The following are directly measured in a standard blood gas analyser
oxygen tension

A

True

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24
Q

The following are directly measured in a standard blood gas analyser
partial pressure of CO2

A

False

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25
Q

The following are directly measured in a standard blood gas analyser
oxygen saturation

A

False

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26
Q

Arterial blood gas samples

storage at room temp causes a rise in pH

A

False

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27
Q

Arterial blood gas samples

a hypothermic patient will have inaccurately high pO2 if temperature-correction is not employed

A

True

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28
Q

Arterial blood gas samples

Air bubbles in the sample may lead to a fall in the pO2

A

True

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29
Q

Arterial blood gas samples

excessive heparin will cause an inaccurately high pH

A

False

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30
Q

Arterial blood gas samples

storage at room temp causes a fall in pO2

A

True

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31
Q

The oxygen electrode in a blood gas analyser

incorporates on a lead anode

A

False

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32
Q

The oxygen electrode in a blood gas analyser

the cathode is usually platinum

A

True

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33
Q

The oxygen electrode in a blood gas analyser

potassium hydroxide is the usual electrolyte in the electrode

A

False

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34
Q

The oxygen electrode in a blood gas analyser

current flow depends on oxygen tension at the cathode

A

True

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35
Q

The oxygen electrode in a blood gas analyser

is of the fuel cell type

A

False

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36
Q

The fuel cell

contains a lead anode

A

true

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37
Q

The fuel cell

has a faster response time than a polargraphic electrode

A

False

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38
Q

The fuel cell

is not affected by temperature

A

False

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39
Q

The fuel cell

nitrous oxide in the gas mixture reacts with the anode to produce nitrogen

A

True

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40
Q

The fuel cell

is used to measure oxygen tensionin a blood gas analyser

A

False

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41
Q

Concerning the clark PO2 electrode

is composed of a platinum cathode and a gold anode

A

False

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42
Q

Concerning the clark PO2 electrode

an oxygen consuming electrochemical reaction takes place at the anode

A

False

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43
Q

Concerning the clark PO2 electrode

it can be used to measure oxygen partial pressure in gases and liquids

A

True

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44
Q

Concerning the clark PO2 electrode

it requires a voltage of 0.6V to be applied between its electrode

A

True

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45
Q

Concerning the clark PO2 electrode

it is sensitive to changes in temperature

A

True

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46
Q

The Severinghaus CO2 electrode

incorporates KCL and NaHCO3 in the electrolyte solution

A

True

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47
Q

The Severinghaus CO2 electrode

directly measures the Pa CO2

A

False

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48
Q

The Severinghaus CO2 electrode

incorporates hydrogen ion sensitive glass

A

True

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49
Q

The Severinghaus CO2 electrode

incorporates a platinum wire cathode

A

False

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50
Q

The Severinghaus CO2 electrode

is affected by temperature

A

True

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51
Q

Recognised methods of measuring anaesthetic vapour concentration include
Raman scattering

A

True

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52
Q

Recognised methods of measuring anaesthetic vapour concentration include
Paramagnetism

A

False

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53
Q

Recognised methods of measuring anaesthetic vapour concentration include
ultraviolet absorption

A

True

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54
Q

Recognised methods of measuring anaesthetic vapour concentration include
mass spectrometry

A

True

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55
Q

Recognised methods of measuring anaesthetic vapour concentration include
photoacoustic spectrophotometry

A

True

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56
Q

The following can be used to measure carbon dioxide in expired gases (capnography)
clark polargraphic electrode

A

False

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57
Q

The following can be used to measure carbon dioxide in expired gases (capnography)
paramagnetic analyser

A

False

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58
Q

The following can be used to measure carbon dioxide in expired gases (capnography)
infrared absorption spectrometry

A

True

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59
Q

The following can be used to measure carbon dioxide in expired gases (capnography)
mass spectrometry

A

True

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60
Q

The following can be used to measure carbon dioxide in expired gases (capnography)
Ramen analyser

A

True

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61
Q

The following have infrared absorption spectra which overlap with that of carbon dioxide
water vapour

A

True

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62
Q

The following have infrared absorption spectra which overlap with that of carbon dioxide
sevoflurane

A

True

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63
Q

The following have infrared absorption spectra which overlap with that of carbon dioxide
nitrous oxide

A

True

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64
Q

The following have infrared absorption spectra which overlap with that of carbon dioxide
nitrogen

A

False

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65
Q

The following have infrared absorption spectra which overlap with that of carbon dioxide
helium

A

False

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66
Q

Concerning the measurement of expired CO2 using the infrared absorption technique
the wavelength of infrared light used is 4.3 micrometers

A

True

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67
Q

Concerning the measurement of expired CO2 using the infrared absorption technique
the absorption of infrared light by CO2 is based on the beer-lambert law

A

True

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68
Q

Concerning the measurement of expired CO2 using the infrared absorption technique
the windows on the sample chamber are made of lead crystal glass

A

False

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69
Q

Concerning the measurement of expired CO2 using the infrared absorption technique
nitrous oxide interferes with infrared absorption by CO2

A

True

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70
Q

Concerning the measurement of expired CO2 using the infrared absorption technique
O2 interferes with infrared absorption by CO2

A

True

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71
Q

Concerning spectrophotometric absorption spectra or reduced and oxygenated haemoglobin
at the isobestic point the absorption coefficient is the same

A

True

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72
Q

Concerning spectrophotometric absorption spectra or reduced and oxygenated haemoglobin
the isobestic point occurs at a wavelength around 650nm

A

False

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73
Q

Concerning spectrophotometric absorption spectra or reduced and oxygenated haemoglobin
the amount of oxygenated haemoglobin is directly proportional to the shift in the isobestic point

A

False

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74
Q

Concerning spectrophotometric absorption spectra or reduced and oxygenated haemoglobin
the maximum difference in the absorption of the two forms of haemoglobin occurs at a wavelength around 940nm

A

False

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75
Q

Concerning spectrophotometric absorption spectra or reduced and oxygenated haemoglobin
The pulse oximeter usess the difference between the absorption spectra of the two forms of Hb to quantify their relative concentrations

A

True

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76
Q

Refractometers:

are capable of measuring vapour concentration in gas mixture

A

True

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77
Q

Refractometers:

require calibration

A

True

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78
Q

Refractometers:

directly measure the vapour concentration

A

False

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79
Q

Refractometers:

are not influenced by water vapour

A

False

80
Q

Refractometers:

are used to calibrate vapourisers

A

True

81
Q

Blood-gas analysis:
The base excess is the amount of strong acid required to return the pH of 1 litre of blood to 7.40 at a PCO2 of 5.3 kPa and 37C

A

True

82
Q

Blood-gas analysis:

too much heparinised saline tends to cause a falsely low reading of the PCO2

A

True

83
Q

Blood-gas analysis:

Too much heparing tends to cause a falsely lo reading of potassium concentration

A

False

84
Q

Blood-gas analysis:

A clark electrode requires a battery

A

True

85
Q

Blood-gas analysis:

prolonged storage at 4C may lead to a falsely low vlue for PO2

A

True

86
Q

The following statements are correct

visible light has a wavelength between 400 and 700 nm

A

True

87
Q

The following statements are correct

CO2 has a peak absorption at 4.3 micrometers

A

True

88
Q

The following statements are correct

3.3 micrometers is the commen absorption peak for the volatile anaesthetic agents

A

True

89
Q

The following statements are correct

methane interferes with gas analysis in the 9-11 micrometer band

A

False

90
Q

The following statements are correct

Collision broadening alters the wavelength at which infrared absorption by CO2 takes place

A

True

91
Q

Concerning mass spectrometry

The analysing hamber is operated at atmospheric pressure

A

False

92
Q

Concerning mass spectrometry

The ions are accelerated by an anode plate

A

False

93
Q

Concerning mass spectrometry

In a quadrupole mass spectrometer there are two large electromagnets

A

False

94
Q

Concerning mass spectrometry

The sample from a mass spectrometer can be returned to a circle system to allow low flow anaesthesia

A

False

95
Q

Concerning mass spectrometry

mass spectrometry is less accurate than infrared absorption

A

False

96
Q

The following statements are correct

fuel cells are suitable for breath to breath analysis of oxygen concentration

A

False

97
Q

The following statements are correct

Unpaired elctrons are responsible for oxygens paramagnetic property

A

True

98
Q

The following statements are correct

damping coefficient is inversely proportional to the amplitude ratio in invasive arterial pressure measurement

A

True

99
Q

The following statements are correct

The natural frequency of a mass-string dynamic oscillator is directly proportional to its mass

A

False

100
Q

The following statements are correct

fourier tranformation is a mathematical operations that deconstructs a complex signal into its constituent frequencies

A

True

101
Q

The following physical properties may be used in the measurement of pressure:
Change or electrical resistance in a wire

A

True

102
Q

The following physical properties may be used in the measurement of pressure:
Variable inductance

A

True

103
Q

The following physical properties may be used in the measurement of pressure:
Piezoelectric effect

A

False

104
Q

The following physical properties may be used in the measurement of pressure:
Change in flow through a narrow tube

A

False

105
Q

The following physical properties may be used in the measurement of pressure:
Torricellian vacuum

A

True

106
Q

Non-invasive measurement of blood pressure:

Tends to give lower systolic pressure than direct means

A

True

107
Q

Non-invasive measurement of blood pressure:

the diastolic pressure is recorded as the pressure at which the first muffling of the sound occurs

A

False

108
Q

Non-invasive measurement of blood pressure:

The mean arterial pressure is the point of maximum oscillation in the cuff pressure

A

False

109
Q

Non-invasive measurement of blood pressure:

requires a cuff that is wider than the diameter of the arm

A

True

110
Q

Non-invasive measurement of blood pressure:

Tends to give a lower diastolic pressure than direct means

A

False

111
Q

Transducers commonly used in physiological monitoring include:
Strain gauge

A

True

112
Q

Transducers commonly used in physiological monitoring include:
pH meter

A

True

113
Q

Transducers commonly used in physiological monitoring include:
Ear Oximeter

A

True

114
Q

Transducers commonly used in physiological monitoring include:
ECG electrode

A

False

115
Q

Transducers commonly used in physiological monitoring include:
Galvanic fuel cell

A

True

116
Q

Considering direct intra-arterial blood pressure measurement:
in an underdamped transducer system (D<0.5) significant overshoot and subsequent oscillation occurs

A

True

117
Q

Considering direct intra-arterial blood pressure measurement:
in an optimally damped system (D=0.64) overshoot is limited to 6-7% of the initial pressure change and no oscillation will occur

A

True

118
Q

Considering direct intra-arterial blood pressure measurement:
In a critically damped system (D=1.0) the change in mean pressure will be measured accurately with no overshoot

A

True

119
Q

Considering direct intra-arterial blood pressure measurement:
In an overdamped system (>1.0) the response is progressively slower

A

True

120
Q

Considering direct intra-arterial blood pressure measurement:
A fast fluch test can be used to assess the level of damping

A

True

121
Q

Distortion of the trace seen in direct arterial monitoring is increased by:
Bubbles

A

True

122
Q

Considering direct intra-arterial blood pressure measurement:
Connections in the tubing

A

True

123
Q

Considering direct intra-arterial blood pressure measurement:
Shortening the tubing

A

False

124
Q

Considering direct intra-arterial blood pressure measurement:
increasing the diameter of the tubing

A

False

125
Q

Considering direct intra-arterial blood pressure measurement:
clots in the cannula

A

True

126
Q

Measuring cardiac output by the thermodilution method:

Injecting less than the required volume of injectate leads to an over-estimation of the cardiac output

A

True

127
Q

Measuring cardiac output by the thermodilution method:

injection should be performed over about 10 sec

A

False

128
Q

Measuring cardiac output by the thermodilution method:

Looping of the catheter in the right ventricle may cause inaccuracies in the measurement

A

True

129
Q

Measuring cardiac output by the thermodilution method:

The cardiac output is assessed by measuring the area under the temperature change curve

A

True

130
Q

Measuring cardiac output by the thermodilution method:

Cardiac output measurements will be unchanged by wedging of the pulmonary artery catheter

A

False

131
Q

The following may be employed in the measurement of cardiac output:
Lithium Dilution

A

True

132
Q

The following may be employed in the measurement of cardiac output:
thermal conductivity

A

False

133
Q

The following may be employed in the measurement of cardiac output:
Indocyanine green indicator dilution

A

True

134
Q

The following may be employed in the measurement of cardiac output:
Impedance cardiography

A

True

135
Q

The following may be employed in the measurement of cardiac output:
Aortic Doppler Ultrasound

A

True

136
Q

Using Fick principle to measure cardiac output, with oxygen as the indicator gas, it it essential to know the:
oxygen uptake

A

True

137
Q

Using Fick principle to measure cardiac output, with oxygen as the indicator gas, it it essential to know the:
arterial oxygen content

A

True

138
Q

Using Fick principle to measure cardiac output, with oxygen as the indicator gas, it it essential to know the:
respiratory quotient

A

True

139
Q

Using Fick principle to measure cardiac output, with oxygen as the indicator gas, it it essential to know the:
mixed venous oxygen content

A

True

140
Q

Using Fick principle to measure cardiac output, with oxygen as the indicator gas, it it essential to know the:
arterial carbon dioxide content

A

False

141
Q

Bispectral index:

Is measured in Hertz

A

False

142
Q

Bispectral index:

is used as a measure of the depth of anaesthesia

A

True

143
Q

Bispectral index:

is not affected by natural sleep

A

False

144
Q

Bispectral index:

preoperative opioids decrease the value

A

False

145
Q

Bispectral index:

is a reliable monitor to predict recall under anaesthesia

A

False

146
Q

With reference to the principles of oesophageal doppler cardiac output monitoring:
The volume of blood flowing in the descending aorta is measured

A

False

147
Q

With reference to the principles of oesophageal doppler cardiac output monitoring:
The angle of insonation between the ultrasound waves and the blood stream must be known

A

True

148
Q

With reference to the principles of oesophageal doppler cardiac output monitoring:
The cross sectional area of the aorta must be known

A

True

149
Q

With reference to the principles of oesophageal doppler cardiac output monitoring:
The probe should be positioned so the tip faces anteriorly

A

False

150
Q

With reference to the principles of oesophageal doppler cardiac output monitoring:
The probe measures total cardiac output

A

False

151
Q

Regarding depth of anaesthesia monitoring:

Auditory evoked potentials are a composite waveform

A

True

152
Q

Regarding depth of anaesthesia monitoring:

Entropy is calculated from the amount of disorder in the power spectrum of the EEG

A

True

153
Q

Regarding depth of anaesthesia monitoring:

Bispectral index is agent specific

A

False

154
Q

Regarding depth of anaesthesia monitoring:

Entropy is reported using a dimensionless scale

A

True

155
Q

Regarding depth of anaesthesia monitoring:

Auditory evoked potentials exhibit minimal hysteresis

A

True

156
Q

The following are true of nerve stimulators:

The applied electrical potential can be as high as 150V

A

True

157
Q

The following are true of nerve stimulators:

The apparatus uses a square wave electrical signal

A

True

158
Q

The following are true of nerve stimulators:

The pulse current should be between 0.5 and 5.0mA when the skin electrodes are used

A

False

159
Q

The following are true of nerve stimulators:

At a constant voltage, an increase in resistance is associated with an increase in current flow

A

False

160
Q

The following are true of nerve stimulators:

Stimulation at a constant current is preferable to stimulation at a constant volatage

A

True

161
Q

When using a train of four to monitor a non-depolarising block:
The stimulator should deliver four supramaximal stimuli at 4Hz

A

False

162
Q

When using a train of four to monitor a non-depolarising block:
The fourth twitch (T4) will be smaller than the first twitch

A

True

163
Q

When using a train of four to monitor a non-depolarising block:
Post-tetanic facilitiation is due to accumulation of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft

A

True

164
Q

When using a train of four to monitor a non-depolarising block:
The response to muscle relaxants of the facial muscles is similar to that of the diaphragm

A

True

165
Q

When using a train of four to monitor a non-depolarising block:
Presence of all four twitches indicates a patient who is adequately reversed for extubation

A

False

166
Q

The following statements are true of double burst stimulation neuromuscular monitoring:
It consists of two burst of tetanus at 100Hz

A

False

167
Q

The following statements are true of double burst stimulation neuromuscular monitoring:
each impulse is separated by 20sec

A

False

168
Q

The following statements are true of double burst stimulation neuromuscular monitoring:
The 2 bursts are separated by 750msec

A

True

169
Q

The following statements are true of double burst stimulation neuromuscular monitoring:
The DBS ration has similar properties to the TOF ratio

A

True

170
Q

The following statements are true of double burst stimulation neuromuscular monitoring:
DBS is accurate at detecting deep neuromuscular block

A

False

171
Q

Concerning temperature measurement:

A mercury thermometer is suitable for measuring temperatues from -30C to at least 200C

A

True

172
Q

Concerning temperature measurement:

A resistance thermometer is normally used in a wheatstone bridge configuration

A

True

173
Q

Concerning temperature measurement:

Thermistors are metal oxide superconductors

A

False

174
Q

Concerning temperature measurement:

Thermistors are resistant to heat sterilisation

A

False

175
Q

Concerning temperature measurement:

A thermocouple relies on the seebeck effect

A

True

176
Q

The fleisch Pneumotachograph:

is a constant pressure flowmeter

A

False

177
Q

The fleisch Pneumotachograph:

is not useful for breath-to-breath measurements

A

False

178
Q

The fleisch Pneumotachograph:

is designed to measure laminar flow

A

True

179
Q

The fleisch Pneumotachograph:

uses a pressure transducer to measure flow

A

True

180
Q

The fleisch Pneumotachograph:

becomes inaccurate because condensation is common

A

False

181
Q

Concerning rotameters:

It consists of a vertical tube with even diameter

A

False

182
Q

Concerning rotameters:

The pressure drop across the bobbin increases with increasing flow

A

False

183
Q

Concerning rotameters:

At low flows, the viscosity of the gas becomes important

A

True

184
Q

Concerning rotameters:

At high flows the density of the gas becomes important

A

True

185
Q

Concerning rotameters:

In a hyperbaric chamber, a flowmeter will deliver less gas than the setting indicate

A

True

186
Q

Concerning rotameters:

Are a form of variable orifice flowmeter

A

True

187
Q

Concerning rotameters:

Are susceptible to static electricty

A

True

188
Q

Concerning rotameters:

Should be accurate to within 0.2%

A

False

189
Q

Concerning rotameters:

Consists of a bobbin in a parallel-sided tube

A

False

190
Q

Concerning rotameters:

The bobbin has vanes to help it to spin freely

A

True

191
Q

Regarding humidity:

Absolute humidity = volume of water vapour in unit volume of air at specified pressure & temp

A

False

192
Q

Regarding humidity:

Relative humidty = partial pressure of water vapour divided by the SVP of water at specified temp

A

True

193
Q

Regarding humidity:

Absolute humidity can be measured by a Regnault’s hygrometer

A

False

194
Q

Regarding humidity:

The Regnault’s hygrometer relies on evaporation

A

True

195
Q

Regarding humidity:

Absolute humidity is independent of temperature

A

True

FRCA Physics (7 decks)

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