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Metabolism And Survival > Mix > Flashcards

Mix Flashcards

1
Q

Each step in a metabolic pathway is controlled by…

A

A specific enzyme

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2
Q

The energy required to initiate a chemical reaction is called

A

The activation energy

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3
Q

Enzymes lower the activation energy

True or false

A

TRUE

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4
Q

What are the two types of inhibitors?

A

Competitive

Non competitive

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5
Q

Competitive inhibitor

A

Molecules with similar structural shape to normal substrate of the enzyme and can fit to the active site

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6
Q

Non competitive inhibitor

A

Enzyme inhibition by a substance that permenantly alters the active site of an enzyme

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7
Q

Substrate

A

Substance on which an enzyme acts

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8
Q

Activation energy

A

Input energy required to start a chemical reaction

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9
Q

What is ATP made up of

A

ADP plus Pi

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10
Q

Stages of aerobic respiration

A

Glycolysis (CYTOPLASM)
Citric acid cycle (CENTRAL MATRIX OF MITOCHONDRIA)
Electron transfer cycle (INNER MEMBRANE OF MITOCHONDRIA)

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11
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

Splitting of glucose into pyruvate using ATP

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12
Q

Citric acid cycle

A

Second stage of aerobic respiration occurring in the matrix of the mitochondria

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13
Q

Name two respiratory substances

A

Sugars
Glycogen
Amino acids
Fatty acids

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14
Q

Describe the role of the coenzymes NAD and FAD

A

NAD and FAD transport hydrogen and high energy electrons to the electron transport chain

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15
Q

Pyruvate

A

End product of glycolysis

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16
Q

What is the metabolic rate

A

The amount of energy used in a given period of time

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17
Q

Single circulatory systems

A

Used by fish
Has heart with two chambers
An atrium and a ventricle

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18
Q

Incomplete double circulatory system

A

Amphibians and reptiles

Three heart chambers (right and left atria and ventricle)

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19
Q

Complete double circulatory system

A

Birds and mammals
Four chambers - two atria and two ventricles
Complete separation of oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood

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20
Q

Alveoli

A

Microscopic parts of the gas exchange system in vertebrate lungs

21
Q

Low oxygen niche

A

Way of life in a habitat with little oxygen present such as at high altitude or in a deep ocean

22
Q

What is meant by a Metabolic rate

A

Rate of consumption of energy by an organism

23
Q

Conformers

A

An animal who’s internal environment is dependent on its environment

24
Q

Regulator

A

Animal that can adjust its metabolic rate to maintain a steady internal state

25
Q

What is the term homeostasis

A

Maintenance of a steady state in the cells of a living organism

26
Q

Negative feedback

A

System of maintaining homeostasis in regulator organisms

27
Q

Give two abiotic factors that affect the ability of an organism to maintain its metabolic rate

A

Temp
Salinity
Oh

28
Q

Dormancy

A

Part of an organisms life cycle and is the stage associated with resisting or tolerating periods of environmental adversity

29
Q

Dormancy can be….

A

Predictive or consequential

30
Q

Predictive dormancy

A

Occurs when an organism becomes dormant before the onset of adverse conditions

31
Q

Consequential dormancy

A

When an organism becomes dormant after the onset of adverse conditions

32
Q

Aestivation

A

Form of dormancy that allows animals to survive in high temps or drought in the summertime

33
Q

Migration

A

Response by an organism to avoid adverse conditions by relocating

34
Q

Phases of growth in microorganisms

A

Lag phase
Log phase
Stationary phase
Death phase

35
Q

Lag phase

A

Growth of microorganisms adjust to the conditions of the culture by indicating the production of enzymes that metabolise the available substitutes

No cell division occurs at this stage

36
Q

Log phase

A

Growth of population doubles

37
Q

Stationary phase

A

When rate of production of new cells is equal to the death rate of older cells and there is no increase

38
Q

Death phase

A

Toxic accumulation of metabolites causes the death rate of cells to be greater than the production of new cells

39
Q

Precursors

A

Substance that is acted upon by an enzyme to ensure production of a desired metabolite

40
Q

Inducers

A

Substance that triggers the production of a specific enzyme which produces a metabolite

41
Q

Inhibitor

A

Can be used to avoid the breakdown of a required product

42
Q

Describe two features of microorganisms that make them useful for a variety of research and industrial uses

A

Use a wide range of substances for metabolism

Produce a wide range of products from their metabolic pathways

Ease of cultivation

Speed of growth

43
Q

Mutagenesis

A

Process of including mutations

44
Q

Recombinant DNA technology

A

Activities in which DNA is moved from one species to another

45
Q

Ethical issues of recombinant DNA tech

A

In favour:
Improves nutrition and quantity of food
Improves environment - reduction of uses of pesticides and fertiliser
Improves health

Against:
Unsafe for foods/drugs
Organisms they contain escaping
Genes are self perpetuating

46
Q

Genetic vector

A

Used to carry genetic material from one cell to another

47
Q

Give an example of a mutagenic agent which can increase the rate of mutation in an organism

A

Ultra violet light

48
Q

State two methods by which wild strains of microorganisms could be improved

A

Mutagenesis
Selective breeding and culture
Recombinant DNA technology

Metabolism And Survival (4 decks)

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