Mitosis, Meiosis, Nondisjunction and Chromosome Rearrangements Flashcards

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1
Q

When does crossing over occur in meiosis?

A

During Prophase

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2
Q

Which region is responsible for the recognition of homologous chromosomes in crossing over? Where is it found?

A

Pseudoautosomal Regions - near telomeres

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3
Q

Does the Y Chromosome undergo recombination?

A

No

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4
Q

True/False: chromosomes are randomly distributed in meiosis

A

True

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5
Q

Is meiosis continuous or discontinuous in males and females?

A

Continuous in males

Discontinuous in females: beginning prophase I until puberty, Meiosis I takes place in one or a couple of oocytes each month

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6
Q

How many mature gametes are produced in each round of meiosis per sex?

A

4 sperm

1 egg

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7
Q

When can duplications and deletions occur in meiosis?

A

A section from one chromosome may move to another homolog during prophase I

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8
Q

How do duplications/deletions alter a characteristic?

A

Genes encoded in the region can be expressed in proportion to their occurrences in the genome, and so one can suffer from an over or under expression of a specific gene or genes

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9
Q

Can duplications be advantageous?

A

Yes, some populations have evolutionarily advantageous duplications which can lead to an increased production of advantageous proteins

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10
Q

What are the 3 types of translocations?

A
  1. Reciprocal
  2. Nonreciprocal
  3. Robertsonian
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11
Q

Acute promyelocytic leukemia is an example of which kind of translocations?

A

Reciprocal translocations

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12
Q

Down’s Syndrome can be due to the translocations of which two chromosomes?

A

14/21

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13
Q

Inversions can often occur in attempts at ____ ______.

A

gene repair

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14
Q

During recombination, chromosomes with inversions will form what?

A

Inversion loops

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15
Q

___ _ Syndrome is a result of recombination with an inversion-containing chromosome.

A

Rec 8

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16
Q

Nondisjunction describes what phenomenon?

A

The failure of homologous chromosomes to properly segregate

17
Q

Nondisjunction in MI will result in…

A

4 abnormal gametes

18
Q

Nondisjunction in MII will result in…

A

2 normal and 2 abnormal gametes

19
Q

Monosomy and trisomy are typically lethal/nonlethal?

A

Lethal

20
Q

Why is trisomy 21 likely to be less lethal to the zygote?

A

Chromosome 21 is the smallest autosome and thus causes less devastating gene damage to gene expression

21
Q

Imbalance in sex chromosomes in more or less damaging to the organism?

A

Less damaging

22
Q

How many X chromosomes are ever active?

A

1 X chromosome

23
Q

Inactive X chromosomes are…

A

Inactive and condensed into Barr Bodies

24
Q

The number of Barr Bodies can be used to identify what?

A

The number of supernumerary X chromosomes

25
Q

Sex Chromosome Aneuploidy are often seen as which two syndromes?

A

Turner’s and Klinefelter’s Syndromes

26
Q

What are the genotype bodies and symptoms of Turner’s Syndrome?

A

XO (2n-1)
45, X

Characteristic facial features, web of skin, constriction of aorta, poor breast development, and underdeveloped ovaries

27
Q

What are the genotype bodies and symptoms of Klinefelter’s Syndrome?

A

XXY (2n+1)
XXYY (2n+2)
XXXYY

Poor beard growth
Breast development
Underdeveloped testes

28
Q

Why is it thought that woman have increased risk of producing children with trisomy 21 as they age?

A

The proteins needed to maintain chromosomal integrity break down at the wrong time as women get older, namely [cohesin] and [shyoshin]

29
Q

Men over 40 y.o. are 6-times more likely to father children with ______ than men under 30 y.o. and are also more likely to produce children with _____________, ________, and generate miscarriages.

A

Autism, schizophrenia, dawrfism

30
Q

The body can recognize and attempt to rectify monosomies and trisomies, generating a ___________ ______.

A

Uniparental disomy

31
Q

Uniparental disomies can be problematic because…

A

Since the cell is no homozygous for that chromosome, genetic imprinting will go unrepressed.

32
Q

Which gene differs in humans from the rest of the great apes? What kind of variation is it?

A

A translocation on human Chr. 2