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Cell Biology > Mitosis + Meiosis + Apoptosis > Flashcards

Mitosis + Meiosis + Apoptosis Flashcards

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1
Q

How many cells are in the human body

A

3.7 x 10^13

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2
Q

What does quiescence mean

A

Cells can no longer divide anymore

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3
Q

What are the 3 phases in interphase

A
  1. G1 phase
  2. S phase - DNA synthesis
  3. G2 phase
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4
Q

What are the the 6 phases in mitosis

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Prometaphase
  3. Metaphase
  4. Anaphase
  5. Telophase
  6. Cytokinesis (not part of mitosis)
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5
Q

What happens in interphase

A
  1. The cell grows – doubling proteins
  2. The organelles double in size or number
  3. During S-phase DNA is synthesised
  4. The centrosome (microtubule organising centre) replicates
  5. G1 and G2 phase - cell checks that everything is ready for mitosis
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6
Q

What happens in prophase

A
  1. Chromosomes condense
  2. Mitosis spindle (micro tubules) forms in the 2 poles
  3. Centrosomes move apart
  4. Protein complex (kinetochore) forms at the centromere of the chromosome (attaches chromosomes to microtubules)
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7
Q

What happens during prometaphase

A
  1. Nuclear envelope breaks down (not degraded, separated because it has to be put back together)
  2. Which allows microtubules access to the chromosomes
  3. Chromosomes attach to the microtubules via kinetochore complex
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8
Q

What happens in the metaphase

A
  1. Chromosomes align at the equator
  2. Sister chromatids attach to opposite poles by kinetochore microtubules
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9
Q

What happens in anaphase

A
  1. Cohesive link between sister chromatids is released
  2. Kinetochore microtubules shorten
  3. Centrosomes move apart
  4. Sister chromatids pulled to opposite poles
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10
Q

What happens in telophase

A
  1. Daughter chromosome reach the poles
  2. New nuclear envelope forms from fragments attached to individual chromosomes creating 2 nuclei
  3. Contractile ring begins to form around the equator
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11
Q

What happens in cytokinesis

A
  1. The ring contracts partitioning cytoplasm into two daughter cells
  2. DNA decondenses and the cells return to resting interphase (G1)
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12
Q

What is a cancer treatment that involves microtubules

A

Poisoning microtubules can stop the cell dividing

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13
Q

For the cell cycle to be successfully completed it is crucial that each step

A
  1. Occurs at the right time
  2. Occurs only once per cycle
  3. Goes to completion
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14
Q

What are the 3 checkpoints in the cell cycle

A
  1. Restriction point (end of G1)
  2. G2 - M transition (beginning of mitosis)
  3. Meta-Anaphase transition (end of mitosis)
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15
Q

How is the cell cycle controlled

A
  • Using cyclins
  • Cyclins turn on cyclin dependent kinases (Cdks)
  • They regulate transition through different stages of cell cycle
  • They phosphorylate target proteins
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16
Q

What type of cells are made from meiosis

A
  • Haploid
  • Gametes (egg and sperm)
17
Q

What does haploid mean

A

One copy of each chromosome

18
Q

What does diploid mean

A

Two copies of each chromosome

19
Q

What does homologous chromosomes mean

A

A set of one maternal and one paternal chromosome

20
Q

How do cells end with half the number of chromosomes in meiosis

A

Cell divides twice
4 cells with half the number of chromosomes

21
Q

What happens during prophase I in meiosis I

A
  1. DNA condenses
  2. Chromosomes arranged in homologous pairs
  3. Crossing over of non-sister chromatids at chiasmata
  4. Spindle fibers formed
  5. Nuclear envelope breaks down
22
Q

What happens during metaphase I in meiosis I

A
  1. Homologous pairs line up along equator (one pair from mom one from dad)
  2. Spindle fibers joined
  3. Independent assortment
23
Q

What happens during anaphase I in meiosis I

A
  1. Microtubules pull whole chromosomes to opposite ends of spindle
    (Pairs of parental chromosomes separated)
24
Q

What happens during telophase I during meiosis I

A
  1. Spindle fibers break down
  2. Nuclear envelope form around the two groups of chromosomes
25
Q

What are centrosomes made of

A
  • made of 2 centrioles
  • centrioles are cylinder structures made of microtubules

Cell Biology (7 decks)

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