mitosis/meiosis

Question 1

mitosis

Answer 1

a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth.

Question 2

cytokinesis

Answer 2

the cytoplasmic division of a cell at the end of mitosis or meiosis, bringing about the separation into two daughter cells.

Question 3

cell cycle

Answer 3

The cell cycle is a four-stage process in which the cell increases in size (gap 1, or G1, stage), copies its DNA (synthesis, or S, stage), prepares to divide (gap 2, or G2, stage), and divides (mitosis, or M, stage).

Question 4

prophase

Answer 4

the first stage of cell division, before metaphase, during which the chromosomes become visible as paired chromatids and the nuclear envelope disappears. The first prophase of meiosis includes the reduction division.

Question 5

metaphase

Answer 5

the second stage of cell division, between prophase and anaphase, during which the chromosomes become attached to the spindle fibers.

Question 6

anaphase

Answer 6

the stage of meiotic or mitotic cell division in which the chromosomes move away from one another to opposite poles of the spindle.

Question 7

chromosomes

Answer 7

a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.

Question 8

centromere

Answer 8

the region of a chromosome to which the microtubules of the spindle attach, via the kinetochore, during cell division.

Question 9

spindle

Answer 9

a spindle-shaped structure, composed of microtubules, that forms near the cell nucleus during mitosis or meiosis and, as it divides, draws the chromosomes to opposite poles of the cell.

Question 10

metaphase plate

Answer 10

Image result for metaphase platewww.sparknotes.com
The metaphase plate is a plane or region that is approximately equidistant from the two poles of a dividing cell. In mitosis, for instance, the metaphase plate is apparent during metaphase.

Question 11

heredity

Answer 11

The passing of genetic factors from parent to offspring (or from one generation to the next). (2) The genetic constitution of an individual. Supplement. Heredity is the means by which an offspring acquires the qualities of its parents.

Question 12

genetics

Answer 12

the study of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics.

Question 13

pollination

Answer 13

the pollination of a flower by pollen from the same flower or from another flower on the same plant.

Question 14

cross pollination

Answer 14

pollination of a flower or plant with pollen from another flower or plant.

Question 15

trait

Answer 15

a distinguishing quality or characteristic, typically one belonging to a person.

Question 16

purebred

Answer 16

an animal bred from parents of the same breed or variety.

Question 17

hybrid

Answer 17

the offspring of two plants or animals of different species or varieties, such as a mule (a hybrid of a donkey and a horse).

Question 18

gene

Answer 18

(in informal use) a unit of heredity which is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring.

Question 19

dominance

Answer 19

power and influence over others.

Question 20

recessive

Answer 20

relating to or denoting heritable characteristics controlled by genes that are expressed in offspring only when inherited from both parents, i.e., when not masked by a dominant characteristic inherited from one parent.

Question 21

segregation

Answer 21

Racial segregation is the systemic separation of people into racial or other ethnic groups in daily life.

Question 22

independent assortment

Answer 22

The Principle of Independent Assortment describes how different genes independently separate from one another when reproductive cells develop.

Question 23

phenotype

Answer 23

the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.

Question 24

genotype

Answer 24

the genetic constitution of an individual organism.

Question 25

homozygous

Answer 25

a word that refers to a particular gene that has identical alleles on both homologous chromosomes.

Question 26

heterozygous

Answer 26

having two different alleles of a particular gene or genes.

Question 27

monohybrid cross

Answer 27

A monohybrid cross is a mating between two organisms with different variations at one genetic chromosome of interest. The character(s) being studied in a monohybrid cross are governed by two or multiple variations for a single locus.

Question 28

dihybrid cross

Answer 28

Dihybrid cross is a cross between two different lines/genes that differ in two observed traits. According to Mendel’s statement, between the alleles of both these loci there is a relationship of complete dominance - recessive.

Question 29

diploid

Answer 29

(of a cell or nucleus) containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.

Question 30

haploid

Answer 30

of a cell or nucleus) having a single set of unpaired chromosomes.

Question 31

meiosis

Answer 31

a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores.
“the sporophytes of green algae form spores only by meiosis”

Question 32

prophase 1

Answer 32

Chromosomes become visible, crossing-over occurs, the nucleolus disappears, the meiotic spindle forms and the nuclear envelope disappears. At the start of prophase I, the chromosomes have already duplicated.

Question 33

crossing over

Answer 33

the exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes, resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring.

Question 34

chiasmata

Answer 34

the X-shaped structure formed at the point below the brain where the two optic nerves cross over each other.

Question 35

telophase 2

Answer 35

A nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes and cytokinesis occurs, producing four daughter cells, each with a haploid set of chromosomes.

Question 36

genetic variation

Answer 36

Genetic variation is the difference in DNA sequences between individuals within a population.

Question 37

normal distribution

Answer 37

Normal distributions are important in statistics and are often used in the natural and social sciences to represent real-valued random variables whose distributions are not known.

Question 38

interphase

Answer 38

the resting phase between successive mitotic divisions of a cell, or between the first and second divisions of meiosis.

Question 39

chromatin

Answer 39

the material of which the chromosomes of organisms other than bacteria (i.e., eukaryotes) are composed. It consists of protein, RNA, and DNA.

Question 40

chromatids

Answer 40

each of the two threadlike strands into which a chromosome divides longitudinally during cell division. Each contains a double helix of DNA.

Question 41

alleles

Answer 41

one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.

Question 42

gametes

Answer 42

a mature haploid male or female germ cell which is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote.

Question 43

zygote

Answer 43

a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes; a fertilized ovum.