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Biology 12-1 > mitosis/ cell cycle > Flashcards

mitosis/ cell cycle Flashcards

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1
Q

What does cell division allow for?

A

The reproduction and growth of cells and tissue repair.

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2
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

The life of a cell from its formation until it divides.

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3
Q

What does DNA wrap around?

A

Histones

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4
Q

what does DNA wrapping around histones form?

A

nucleosomes

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5
Q

while the cell is not dividing what happens to the chromatins?

A

the chromatin is in a non-condensed form.

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6
Q

After DNA replication what happens to chromatin.

A

chromatin condenses to form a chromosome.

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7
Q

why are chromosomes densely packed?

A

chromosomes are densely packed to allow for easier division.

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8
Q

what do copies of chromosomes join together to form?

A

sister chromatids.

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9
Q

what is the centromere?

A

the region on each sister chromatid where they are most closely attached.

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10
Q

what is a kinetochore?

A

protein attached to the centromere that links each sister chromatid to the mitotic spindle.

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11
Q

what is a genome?

A

All of cells genetic info (DNA)

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12
Q

what DNA do prokaryotes have?

A

singular circular DNA

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13
Q

what DNA do eukaryotes have and how many?

A

one or more linear chromosomes, each eukaryote has a specific number of chromosomes.

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14
Q

what are homologous chromosomes?

A

One from each parent that are the same

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15
Q

what are somatic cells?

A

body cells

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16
Q

How do somatic cells divide?

A

mitosis

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17
Q

how many sets of chromosomes do somatic cells have and where do they come from?

A

two sets total one from each parent.

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18
Q

what are gametes

A

reproductive cells

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19
Q

how many sets of chromosomes do gametes have

A

one set of chromosomes.

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20
Q

what is the longest portion of the cell cycle?

A

interphase

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21
Q

what happens in G1 phase?

A

the cell grows and carries out normal function.

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22
Q

what are the phases of mitosis

A

prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokensis

23
Q

what happens in prophase?

A

chromatin condenses, nucleoli disappear, duplicated chromosomes appear as sister chromatids, mitotic spindle begins to form, centrosomes move away from eachother

24
Q

What happens in prometaphase?

A

nuclear envelope fragments, microtubules enter nuclear area and some attach to kinetochores.

25
Q

what happens in metaphase?

A

centrosomes are at opposite poles, chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate, microtubules are attached to each kinetochore.

26
Q

what happens during telophase?

A

two daughter nuclei form, nucleoli reappear, chromosomes become less condensed.

27
Q

what happens in cytokinesis in animals.

A

a cleavage furrow appears due to a contractile ring of actin filaments.

28
Q

what happens in cytokineses in plants?

A

vesicles produced by the golgi travel to the middle of the cell and form a cell plate.

29
Q

what are checkpoints?

A

control points that regulate the cell cycle

30
Q

what is the most important checkpoint?

A

G1

31
Q

what happens in the G1 check point?

A

checks for cell size growth factors and dna damage.

32
Q

what happens to a cell when it receives a go signal in G1 checkpoint

A

cell completes the whole cell cycle

33
Q

what happens when a cell receives a stop signal in G1?

A

cell enters G0

34
Q

how long can cells stay in G0

A

some cells stay in G0 forever

35
Q

do cells have to stay in G0?

A

some cells can be called back into the cell cycle

36
Q

what happens in the G2 checkpoint?

A

the cell checks for completion of DNA replication and DNA damage

37
Q

what happens if you receive a go signal in G2

A

the cell proceeds to mitosis.

38
Q

what happens if you recieve a stop signal in G2

A

cell cycle stops and the cell will attempt to repair the damage, if it cant be repaired apoptosis

39
Q

what happens at the M (spindle) checkpoint?

A

checks for microtubule attachment to chromosomes at the kinetochpores at metaphase.

40
Q

what happens if you receive a Go signal at M checkpoint?

A

cell proceeds to anaphase and completes mitosis.

41
Q

whta happens if you receive a stop signal in M checkpoint?

A

cell will pause mitosis to allow for spindles to finish attaching to chromosomes

42
Q

what are cyclins

A

cyclins are enzymes (proteins)

43
Q

what are growth factors?

A

hormones released by cells that stimulate cell growth

44
Q

what is contact inhibition?

A

cell surface receptors recognize contact with other cells which stops G1 from happening

45
Q

what is anchorage dependence?

A

cells rely on attachment to other cells or the extracellular matrix to divide.

46
Q

how do cells become cancerous?

A

DNA mutations

47
Q

what are DNA mutations?

A

changes in the DNA

48
Q

What can happen if cancer cells keep growing?

A

a tumor

49
Q

what is a tumor?

A

a mas of tissue formed by abnormal cells

50
Q

what is a benign tumor?

A

cells are abnormal but are not considered to be cancerous, cells remain at the tumor site and are unable to spread elsewhere in the body.

51
Q

what is a malignant tumor?

A

a mass of cancerous cells that lose their anchorage dependency and can leave the tumor site.

52
Q

what is metastasis?

A

when cells seperate from the tumor and spread elsewhere in the body.

53
Q

what are some things you can do to minimize your risk of developing?`

A

Do not smoke (cigarettes, vape products) Nicotine causes mutations in cells at high rates Eat healthy and drink water.Fatty foods and dehydration can affect the functions of cells
Protect your skin from the sun by using SPF Sun is damaging to skin cells and can cause mutations to occur after exposure

Biology 12-1 (3 decks)

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