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Biology 12-1 > Cell Communication > Flashcards

Cell Communication Flashcards

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1
Q

Why is cell to cell communication critical?

A

For the function and survival of the cell.

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2
Q

What is cell to cell communication responsible for?

A

The growth and development of multicellular organisms.

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3
Q

What are the three ways cells communicate?

A

1.Direct Contact
2. Local Signalling
3. Long-Distance Signalling

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4
Q

How does direct contact communicate?

A

Through cell junctions.

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5
Q

Where do signalling substances pass through in animals? And in plants?

A

In animals gap junctions.
In plant cells plasmodesmata.

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6
Q

How do local regulators work?

A

A secreting cell will release chemical messages that travel through extra cellular fluid.
The chemical messages will cause a response in a target cell.

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7
Q

What will chemical messages cause in a target cell?

A

A response.

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8
Q

How does paracrine signalling work?

A

Secretory cells release local regulators via exocytosis to adjacent cells.

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9
Q

Does synaptic signalling happen in animals or plants?

A

Animals, because they have neurons.

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10
Q

How does synaptic signalling work.

A

Neurons secrete neurotransmitters that diffuse across the synaptic cleft.

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11
Q

What do animals and plants use for long distance signalling.

A

Hormones.

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12
Q

Where do hormones travel in plants.

A

They travel in the plants vascular tissue (xylem or phloem) or through the air to reach target tissues

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13
Q

What is a ligand?

A

The signal being sent.

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14
Q

What is the reception.

A

The detection and receiving of a ligand by a target cell.

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15
Q

What is a receptor?

A

A macromolecule that binds to a signal molecule (ligand).

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16
Q

Is binding between ligand and receptor highly specific

A

Yes.

17
Q

What happens to the receptor when the Ligand binds to the receptor?

A

The receptor activates.

18
Q

What does the receptor activating allow the receptor to do? What does this initiate?

A

It allows the receptor to interact with other cellular molecules.
This initiates the transduction signal.

19
Q

Where can the receptors be?

A

In the plasma membrane and inside the cell (intracellular).

20
Q

What are some characteristics of plasma membrane receptors?

A

Most common type of receptor.
Binds to ligands that are polar, water soluble and large.

21
Q

What are some characteristics of intracellular receptors?

A

Found in the cytoplasm or nucleus of the target cell.
Binds to ligands that can pass through the plasma membrane.

22
Q

What is transduction?

A

The conversion of an extracellular signal to an intercellular signal that will bring about a cellular response.

23
Q

What does transduction require?

A

A sequence of changes in a series of molecules known as a signal transduction pathway.

24
Q

What does the signal transduction pathway regulate?

A

Protein activity.

25
Q

How does the signal transduction pathway regulate protein activity?

A

Phosphorylation by protein kinase.
De phosphorylation by protein phosphatase.

26
Q

What does phosphorylation do?

A

Relays a signal inside the cell.

27
Q

What does dephosphorylation do?

A

Shuts off pathways.

28
Q

What happens during transduction?

A

The signal is amplified.

29
Q

What are secondary messengers?

A

Small non-protein molecules and ions help relay the message and amplify the response.

30
Q

What is the response?

A

The final molecule in the signalling pathway converts the signal to a response that will alter a cellular process.

31
Q

What can the signal transduction pathway influence?

A

How a cell responds to its environment.

32
Q

What can signal transduction pathways cause change in?

A

Gene expressions and cell function. Can alter phenotypes or result in cell death.

33
Q

What will happen with mutations to receptor proteins or to any component of the signalling pathway?

A

This will result in a change to the transduction of the signal.

34
Q

What are the two main categories of receptors?

A

GPCRS and Ion channels.

35
Q

GPCRS

A

Largest category of cell surface receptors.
Important in animal sensory systems.
Binds to a G protein that can bind to a GTP which is an energy molecule similar to ATP.

36
Q

Where are ligand gates ion channels located?

A

In the plasma membrane.

Biology 12-1 (3 decks)

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