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MCBG > Mitosis and Meiosis Part 1 > Flashcards

Mitosis and Meiosis Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Meiosis or Mitosis

A

Is the processes in which cell division occurs, meaning cells are copied to give daughter cells or progeny

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2
Q

What does Diploid mean

A

Carry two copied of each chromosome
- maternal and paternal

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3
Q

What does mitosis create

A

Identical Daughter cells

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4
Q

What does Meiosis create

A

Haploid cells are formed - Important to create ovocytes or sperm cells
- Only has one copy thus either Maternal OR paternal

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5
Q

What is Down syndrome

A

Down syndrome is the trisomy (Three copies) of chromosome 21

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6
Q

What causes down syndrome

A

Down syndrome is caused by Non-disjunction
(the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate)
during meiosis

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7
Q

What does Down syndrome Cause

A

Delayed growth

Characteristic facial features

Mild intellectual disability

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8
Q

What is the cell cycle

A

A combination of cell growth, replication and division that produces new cells

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9
Q

Can cell cycle differ

what part of the cycle varies in length

A

The length of the cell cycle can differ between animals all and different cell types

Some cancer cells - interphase can only an hour
Other cells - interphase can last one year

M phase tends to remain constant

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10
Q

What is the difference between chromosomes and chromatids

A

Chromosomes that have been replicated contain 2 sister chromatids

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11
Q

When can the Classical X shape of a chromosome be seen

A

Can only be seen during the metaphase, phase of the cell cycle.

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12
Q

What does the classical X shape of a chromosome show

A

The classical X-shape is replicated chromosome containing two identical DNA molecules

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13
Q

How do you give a gene a location
(Xq 26.2)

A

Found on the X chromosome
On the (long) Q arm
26.2 cM (centrimorgans away from the centromere)

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14
Q

Where are telomeres found

A

At the end of the chromosomes

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15
Q

What does the telomere contain does it vary

A

Telomere are repeat sequences (TTAGGG) at each of a chromosome / chromatid

Doesn’t very ( even between different species )

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16
Q

What does the Telomere do

A

Protects the ends of the chromosomes during replication, thus the entire number of genes if copied and no information is lost during replication.

17
Q

What do Centromeres do

A

Centromeres link the sister chromatids and consists of repetitive sequences

18
Q

What are the 4 different ways chromatids are linked to chromosomes

A

Metacentric - Centromere found in centre
Submetacentric - Centromere is near to the top
Acrocentric - Centromere is closer to the top
Telocentric - Centromere is at the very end of the chromosome

19
Q

How can chromosome be grouped

How many groups are there

A

Chromosomes can be grouped according to size and shape

Seven groups based upon size, position of
centromere and local differences

20
Q

How do you Stain Chromosomes

A

G-banding can be used to stain chromosomes

Enzymatic digestion followed by a Giemsa stain

This creates a characteristic banding pattern used to identify chromosomes

Can identify translocations, duplications
loss of Y chromosomes….

21
Q

How can painting be used to identify chromosomes

A

Fluorescent markers label the
different parts of chromosomes

22
Q

Why is identifying positions of chromosomes important

give an example

A

Can be used to diagnose some diseases

Turner syndrome – one X chromosome missing

23
Q

Where are the nucleuses during interphase

A

During interphase chromosomes are compacted in the nucleus

24
Q

Are non-sister and sister chromatids identical

A

Sister chromatids contain identical copies of genes
Non-sister chromatids are not identical (may differ by the alleles) – derived from the maternal and paternal genomes

25
Q

What are homologous chromosomes

A

Homologous chromosomes have the same genes

Genes on homologous chromosomes may contain different alleles
(variants of the same gene)

26
Q

What is mitosis

A

Cell division that occurs in somatic cells (cells in the body)

Produces two identical daughter cells with the same chromosome content as the parental cell

Mitotic growth is necessary for some tissues (epidermis, mucosae, bone marrow, spermatogonia)

27
Q

What is the G1 Phase

A

G1 phase.Metabolic changes prepare the cell for division.
At a certain point the cell moves into the S phase

28
Q

What is the S phase

A

S phase. DNA synthesis replicates the genetic material.
Each chromosome now consists of two sister chromatids

29
Q

What is the G2 Phase

A

G2 phase.Metabolic changes assemble the cytoplasmic
materials necessary for mitosis and cytokinesis

30
Q

What is the M phase

A

M phase.A nuclear division (mitosis) followed by a cell
division (cytokinesis)

31
Q

What is the period before mitotic division,
known as interphase

A

The period between mitotic divisions - that is, G1, S and
G2 - is known as interphase

32
Q

What is the G0 phase

A

G0 phase. A resting or quiescent phase when the cell is
not growing or dividing

33
Q

Mitosis can be divided into five steps
What are they ?

A

Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

34
Q

What is Prophase

A

Nuclear envelope dissolves

Nucleolus disappears

Chromosomes condense

Spindle fibres appear

35
Q

What is Metaphase

A

Spindle fibres attach to chromosomes

Chromosome align at centre

This forms a Metaphase Plate

36
Q

What is a spindle fibre

A

Spindle Fibres needed to separate chromosomes
Its made of a spindle pole
The fibres are made of a protein called Tublin
Contains molecular motors called Kinetocore

37
Q

What is Anaphase

A

Centromeres divide into Two
Sister chromatids move to opposite poles of the cell
Chromosomes moves due to kinetical motors which track and walk along fibres of Tublin

38
Q

What is Telophase

A

Nuclear envelope reforms

Chromosomes decondense

Spindle fibres disappear

Cleavage Furrow also forms which will pinch of the two cells forming two daughter cells

39
Q

Summary of mitosis;

A

Prophase: Nuclear membrane breaks down. Spindle fibres appear and chromosomes
condense

Prometaphase / Metaphase: Spindle fibres attach to chromosomes. Chromosomes align
and condense at plate (centre of cell)

Anaphase: Centromeres divide. Sister chromatids move to opposite poles

Telophase: Nuclear membrane reforms. Chromosome decondense and spindle
fibres disappear

Cytokinesis: cytoplasm divides and two daughter cells with identical genetic
information are produced

MCBG (13 decks)

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