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Genetics Unit Test > Mitosis and Meiosis > Flashcards

Mitosis and Meiosis Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is mitosis overall purpose?

A
  • Passes along identical genetic information to daughter cells
  • Cell division
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2
Q

What is meiosis overall purpose?

A
  • To produce gametes, the sperm and eggs, with half of the genetic information as the parent cells.
  • To make haploid cells
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3
Q

How many stages of mitosis?

A
  • One stage. (divides only once)
  • 4 phases
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4
Q

How many stages of meiosis?

A

Occurs in two stages.
1. Reduction = cells become haploid
2. Division = cells further multiply

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5
Q

What are the types of cells involved in mitosis?

A
  • Occurs in somatic cells (body cells) of multi-cellular organisms
  • May occur asexually reproducing unicellular
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6
Q

What are the types of cells involved in meiosis?

A

Both female and male gametes
Ex. sperm & ova in animals
Ex. pollen & ova in flowering plants

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7
Q

What is the final outcome of mitosis?

A
  • Produces diploid cells with the full amount of genetic information (2n)
  • Daughter cell identical to mother
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8
Q

What is the final outcome of meiosis?

A
  • Produces haploid cells (n) with half of the diploid number, so that 2 haploid parent cells can come together to make a diploid offspring.
  • Cells are not identical to parent cells
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9
Q

How many chromosomes in somatic cells after mitosis?

A

46

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10
Q

How many chromosomes do human gametes have after meiosis?

A

23

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11
Q

Mitosis: Prophase

A
  • Chromosomes shorten, thicken and become visible, and attach to spindle fibres
  • Small proteins, called centrioles, appear and move to opposite sides of the cell
  • The nucleolus disappears and the nuclear membrane starts to dissolve
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12
Q

Mitosis: Metaphase

A
  • Spindle fibres begin moving and aligning the chromosomes at the cell’s equator
  • The chromosomes are pulled toward the centre
    of the cell
  • Sister chromatids’ centromeres become aligned at the centre or equator of the cell
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13
Q

Mitosis: Anaphase

A

the process that separates the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells.

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14
Q

Mitosis: Telophase

A
  • Chromosomes reach opposite poles of the cell
  • They begin to uncoil and take the form of chromatin
  • The spindle fibres dissolve
  • Nuclear membranes reform around each set of daughter chromosomes
  • RESULT: TWO DAUGHTER NUCLEI!
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15
Q

Cytokinesis - Last part of M phase (follows mitosis)

A
  • Division of cell contents (cytoplasm and organelles)
  • The cell membrane pinches inwards forming a cleavage furrow (halving) in animal cells
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16
Q

Interphase

A

Not part of mitosis. Takes place prior to division and immediately following cytokinesis. Consists of the G1, S and G2 phases of the cell cycle.

17
Q

Spindle Fibers

A

Thin proteins that pull chromosomes apart

18
Q

Centrioles

A

Help assemble the spindle fibres (not found in plant cells)

19
Q

Meiosis: early prophase 1

A

DNA is doubled

20
Q

Meiosis: Late prophase I

A
  • Chromosome pairs called “Homologous Chromosomes” overlap and carry out “crossover
21
Q

Meiosis: Metaphase I

A
  • Chromosomes move to the equator of the cell and line up in pairs
22
Q

Meiosis: Anaphase I

A

Entire chromosomes pulling apart

23
Q

Meiosis: Telophase I

A
  • Nuclear membrane forms
  • Nuclei are haploid as they have only one member of original chromosome pairs (genetically different)
  • Each chromatid different from each other
24
Q

Meiosis: Prophase II

A
  • Nuclear membrane dissolves
  • Spindle fibers form
25
Q

Meiosis: Metaphase II

A

Chromosomes line up at the equator and are still attached at the centromere

26
Q

Meiosis: Anaphase II

A
  • Sister chromatids separate to opposite poles
  • Nuclear membranes form around chromatids now called chromosomes
27
Q

Meiosis: Telophase II

A

Second nuclear division completed and 4 daughter cells formed.

28
Q

What is crossover?

A

Special event in Meiosis which creates genetic variation between the gametes of each parent.
Occurs during prophase I where genes are shuffled between homologous chromosomes.

29
Q

What is a homologous pair?

A

A set of one maternal and one paternal chromosome that pair up with each other inside a cell during fertilization. (Tetrad and bivalent)

30
Q

What is the process by which chromosomes pair up?

A

Chiasmata/crossover

31
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Cytoplasm is equally divided during each cell division and results in 4 equal sized sperm cells

32
Q

Oogenesis

A

Cytoplasm of the female gametes does not divide equally during each of the two cell divisions of meiosis. One of the daughter cells receives most of the cytoplasm. Other cells die and the final product of oogenesis is a single egg cell.

Genetics Unit Test (5 decks)

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