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M2M > Mitosis and Cell Cycle 1 and 2 > Flashcards

Mitosis and Cell Cycle 1 and 2 Flashcards

1
Q

goal of somatic cell cycle

A

produce two cells (geneticaly) identical to the first cell

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2
Q

four phases of cell cycle

A

G1 S G2 M

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3
Q

S phase

A

synthesis

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4
Q

M phase

A

mitosis

segregation of material duplicated in S phase

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5
Q

G1 and G2 phases

A

gap phases

cycle regulation of subsequent phase

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6
Q

G0

A

resting phase before G1 (quiescent state)

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7
Q

Interphase

A

all phases except mitosis

G1, S, and G2

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8
Q

restriction point

A

forces commitment to synthesis through G1 phase

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9
Q

size homeostasis

A

cell growth must complement cell division

goes away in embryo, cells get smaller as they divide

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10
Q

cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)

A

protein kinase that takes gamma phosphate from ATP and adds it to residues to regulate activity (serine, threonine, and tyrosine)

CDK only does serine/threonine

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11
Q

phosphorylation action

A

either activates or inhibits activity

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12
Q

CDK subunits

A

monomeric Cdk is inactive, always present in cell

cyclin subunit activates Cdk (variably present)

G0 cell phase has no cyclin

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13
Q

cyclin

A

different cyclins exist at different points in the cell cycle to drive different activities

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14
Q

growth factor GF

A

pushes cell from G0 to G1

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15
Q

inhibitors

A

negative regulation

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16
Q

inhibit inhibitor

A

turn off deregulation to get up regulation

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17
Q

RB

A

inhibitor to entering cell cycle

18
Q

CDK cycle

A

CDK 2, 4, and 6 interact with different kinases to perform different functions in the cell cycleRB

19
Q

Rb (Retinoblastoma protein) Regulation

A

fff

20
Q

CDI

A

CDK Inhibitors

21
Q

CDI action

A

bind to CDK/cyclin complex to inhibit action

22
Q

CDI relevance to cancer

A

frequently mutated, p16 missing in melanoma

p53 mutated in almost half of all cancers

23
Q

meaning of the numbers in protein names

A

weight in kD, i.e. p27 means the 27kD p protein

24
Q

cancer action of inhibitors

A

failed inhibitor leads to overexpression of a regulated protein

25
Q

origin of replication

A

site on chromosome where replication begins

~100k in human genome, not uniformly distributed

26
Q

okazaki fragments

A

lagging strand DNA segments synthesized from lots of RNA primers

27
Q

how do you get faster DNA replication

A

use more replication origins (i.e., rapid growth cell types, embryos)

28
Q

reinitiation

A

using the same origin twice in one cycle, never seen, would lead to an extra chromosome

29
Q

Orc

A

Origin recognizing complex

30
Q

Orc1-6

A

gloms onto DNA at origin, becomes a “landing pad” for Cdt1 and Cdc6, brings in hexomeric complex DNA helicase (Mcm2-7)

31
Q

cell cycle checkpoints

A

size?
Make DNA?
New DNA?
Spindle?

32
Q

defective checkpoints

A

cancerous cell growth

33
Q

hodgkins lymphoma

A

secondary cancer from original treatment

34
Q

DNA checkpoint regulation

A

monitor DNA for damage or block replication entirely

35
Q

DNA Damage regulator

A

Rad17 binds to DNA damage

sends a signal to ATM and ATR to block P53/p21

36
Q

P53/p21

A

inhibit CDK in DNA damage regulatory steps

inhibits all in cyclin dependent kinase activity in cell

37
Q

Types of DNA checkpoint mechanisms

A

Double strand breaks
stalled replication forks
DNA mismatches
nucleotide damage

38
Q

folate function

A

needed for making nucleotides

not enough folate leads to poor DNA replication

39
Q

BRCA2

A

tumor suppressor, senses DNA damage and blocks cell cycle

missing one copy in the 5% of women getting breast cancer (checkpoint mechanism)

40
Q

cancer cell achilles heel

A

inherent instability of cell due to checkpoint failures

41
Q

crossover during mitosis

A

infrequent, not for reorganization of genetic material, but a tool for DNA repair

42
Q

crossover during meiosis

A

frequent (1000x mitosis), for genetic recombination

M2M (11 decks)

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