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BIOL-L 112 Exam 2 > Mitosis > Flashcards

Mitosis Flashcards

1
Q

Why do Multicellular Eukaryotes depend on cell division?

A

Development from a fertilized cell
Growth
Repair
Results in daughter cells with identical genetic information (DNA)

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2
Q

All the DNA in a cell constitutes the cells ___

A

Genome

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3
Q

What can a genome consist of?

A

It can consist of a single DNA molecule (prokaryotic cells) or a number of DNA molecules (eukaryotic cells)

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4
Q

DNA molecules in a cell are packaged into ____

A

chromosomes

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5
Q

Eukaryotic chromosomes consist of what?

A

Chromatin

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6
Q

What is Chromatin?

A

A complex of DNA & Protein (Nucleosomes) that condense during cell division

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7
Q

What are Somatic Cells?

A

Non-Reproductive Cells

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8
Q

How many sets of chromosomes do Somatic Cells have?

A

They have two sets

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9
Q

What are Gametes?

A

Reproductive Cells: Sperm and Eggs

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10
Q

How many chromosomes are in Gametes?

A

Have half as many chromosomes as somatic cells

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11
Q

What is a Karyotype?

A

An image that reveals an orderly arrangement of chromosomes

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12
Q

What are Homologous Chromosomes?

A

Matching pairs of chromosomes that can possess different versions of the same gene

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13
Q

What happens in preparation for cell division in Eukaryotic Cell Division?

A

DNA is replicated and the chromosomes condense

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14
Q

In Eukaryotic Cell Divison, each duplicated chromosome has what?

A

Two sister chromatids (joined copies of the original chromosome)

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15
Q

Each set of sister chromatids attached along their lengths by?

A

Cohesins

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16
Q

What is a centromere?

A

It is the narrow “waist” of the duplicated chromosome where the two chromatids are most closely attached

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17
Q

The cell cycle consists of what two phases?

A

Mitotic (M) Phase (Mitosis and Cytokinesis)

Interphase

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18
Q

What is Interphase?

A

Interphase accounts for 90% of the cell cycle and can be divided into sub-phases.

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19
Q

What are the sub-phases of Interphase

A 
G1 Phase ("First Gap")
S Phase ("Synthesis")
G2 Phase ("Second Gap")
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20
Q

Packing Ratio for Linear DNA

A

1

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21
Q

Packing Ratio for Nucleosome

A

6X

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22
Q

Packing Ratio for Nucleosome around 30 nm Fiber

A

1000x

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23
Q

Packing Ratio for Mitotic Chromosome

A

10,000X

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24
Q

G2 of Interphase Info

A

Chromosomes are duplicated, uncondensed

Centrosomes appear with Centriole pairs

25
Q

Prophase information

A

Two sister chromatids of one chromosome appear

Early Mitotic Spindle with Asters separating

26
Q

Prometaphase Information

A

Fragments of Nuclear Envelope disappear

Nonkinetochore Microtubules start to expand

27
Q

Metaphase Information

A

The Centrosomes are each at one spindle pole.

Everything lines up on the Metaphase Plate

28
Q

Anaphase Information

A

Daughter Chromosomes start to disappear from one another and separate

29
Q

Telophase and Cytokinesis Information

A

Cleavage Furrow forms, with Nucleolus forming with Nuclear Envelope forming.

30
Q

What is the Mitotic Spindle made of?

A

It is a structure made of microtubules that control chromosome movement during mitosis

31
Q

Where does the assembly of spindle microtubule begin?

A

In the centrosome

32
Q

The microtubule organizing center (MTOC) includes..

A

Basal bodies associated with cilia and centrosomes

33
Q

When the centrosome replicates during interphase.. what happens?

A

It forms two centrioles that migrate to opposite ends of the cell during prophase and pro-metaphase

34
Q

During prometaphase, some spindle microtubules attach to..

A

kinetochores of chromosomes (kinetochore fibers) and begin to move the chromosomes

35
Q

Are Non-kinetochore microtubules connected to centromeres?

A

No

36
Q

What are Kinetochores?

A

Protein complexes associated with centromeres

37
Q

At metaphase the chromosomes…

A

Are all lined up at the metaphase plate, a plane midway between the spindle’s two poles

38
Q

Non-Kinetochore Microtubules from opposite poles ..

A

overlap and push against each other, elongating the cells

39
Q

In Telophase, genetically..

A

identical daughter nuclei form at opposite ends of the cell

40
Q

Cytokinesis begins during..

A

Anaphase or telophase and the spindle eventually disassembles

41
Q

Eukaryotic Cell Cycle is regulated by a Molecular Control System which..

A

Controls frequency of cell division varies with the type of cell
Differences result from regulation at the molecular level
Cancer cells manage to escape the usual controls on the cycle

42
Q

The sequential events of the cell cycle are directed by a distinct

A

Cell cycle control system, which is similar to a clock.

43
Q

Cell Cycle Control System regulaed by both

A

Internal (Cylin + Cyclin Dependent Kinases (Cdks)

And External Controls (Growth Factors)

44
Q

With change in concentration of its cyclin partner, the activity of a Cdk

A

Rises and falls

45
Q

The clock has specific ..

A

checkpoints where the cell cycle stops until a go-ahead signal is received

46
Q

Which checkpoint is the most important for most cells?

A

G1

47
Q

What happens if a cell receives a go-ahead signal at the G1 checkpoint?

A

It will usall complete the S, G2, and M phases and Divide

48
Q

What happens if a cell does not receive the go-ahead signal?

A

It will exit the cycle, switching into a non-dividing state called the G0 phase (quiescent heart muscle cells and nerve cells)

49
Q

What does MPF stand for?

A

Maturation-Promoting Factor

50
Q

What is MPF?

A

A cyclin-CDK complex

51
Q

What does the MPF do?

A

Triggers cell’s [assage past the G2 checkpoint into the M phase
Phosphorylates proteins during cell division
Promotes spindle formation
Promotes condenation of chromosomes
Contributes to degradation of nuclear envelop, ER, and Golgi

52
Q

Anchorage Dependence?

A

Cells require a surface for division

53
Q

Density-Dependent Inhibition

A

Cells form a single layer

54
Q

Density-Dependent inhibition also

A

have cells that divide to fill a gap and then stop

55
Q

A normal cell is converted to a cancerous cell by a process called

A

Transformation

56
Q

If abnormal cells remain only at the original site, the lump is caleld a

A

Benign Tumor

57
Q

If abnormal cells move away from the initial site to other parts of the body

A

Metatasis

58
Q

Cancer cells do not respond normally to..

A

The body’s control mechanisms

59
Q

Cancer cells need growth factors to grow and divide. However,

A

They made their own growth factors
They may convey a growrth factors signal w/o the presence of a growth factor
They may have an abormal cell cycle control system

BIOL-L 112 Exam 2 (5 decks)

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