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BIOL-L 112 Exam 2 > Meiosis > Flashcards

Meiosis Flashcards

1
Q

In Asexual Reproduction

A

A single individual passes all of its genes to its offspring without the fusion of gametes

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2
Q

A clone is..

A

a group of genetically identical individuals from the same parent

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3
Q

In sexual reproduction, two parents ..

A

give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the two parents

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4
Q

How many pairs are in Human Somatic Cells?

A

They have 22/23 pairs (plus XX or XY) of Chromosomes

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5
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

An ordered display of the p airs of chromosomes from a cell

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6
Q

Two chromosomes in each pair are called

A

Homologous Chromosomes, or Homologs

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7
Q

Chromosomes in a homologous pair are..

A

the same length and shape and carry genes controlling the same inherited characters

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8
Q

Each pair of homologous chromosomes include one chromosome from each _____

A

parent

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9
Q

The 46 chromosomes in a human somatic cell are two sets of ____

A

23: one from the mother and one from the father

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10
Q

A diploid cell has how many sets of chromosomes?

A

Two sets

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11
Q

For humans, the diploid number is

A

46 (2n = 46)

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12
Q

For humans, the haploid number is

A

(n) = 23

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13
Q

The sex chromosomes that determine the sex of the individual are called..

A

X and Y

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14
Q

Human females have a homologous pair of

A

X Chromosomes (XX)

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15
Q

Human males have _______ chromosomes

A

one X and one Y

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16
Q

Sex in human is determined by the presence of

A

the Y chromosome

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17
Q

The remaining 22 pairs of chromosomes are called..

A

Autosomes

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18
Q

A gamete (sperm or egg) contains a single set of ____ and is ____

A

Chromosomes, and is haploid (n)

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19
Q

For humans, the haploid number is

A

23 (n = 23)

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20
Q

Each set of 23 in Haploid consist of

A

22 Autosomes and a single sex chromosome

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21
Q

In an unfertilized egg (ovum), the sex chromosome is

A

X

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22
Q

In a sperm cell, the sex chromosome may be either

A

X or Y

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23
Q

What is Fertilization?

A

The union of gametes (the sperm and the egg)

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24
Q

The fertilized egg is called a …

A

Zygote, and has one set of chromosomes from each parent

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25
Q

The zygote produces somatic cells by.

A

Mitosis and develops into an adult

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26
Q

Meiosis reduces the number of chromosome sets from ..

A

diploid to haploid

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27
Q

Like Mitosis, Meiosis is preceded by

A

the replication of chromosomes

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28
Q

Meiosis takes place in two consecutive cell divisions called

A

Meiosis I and Meiosis II

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29
Q

The two cell divisions in Meiosis result in

A

Four daughter cells, rather than the two daughter cells in Mitosis

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30
Q

Each daughter cell in Meiosis has only

A

half as many chromosomes as the parent cell

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31
Q

Chromosomes duplicate during

A

Interphase

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32
Q

The resulting sister chromatids are closely associated

A

along their lengths

33
Q

Sister chromatids that are closely associated along their lengths are called

A

Sister Chromatic Cohesion

34
Q

Chromatids are sorted into

A

four haploid daughter cells

35
Q

Division in Meiosis I occurs in four phases

A

Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I and Cytokinesis

36
Q

Division in Meiosis II also ocurs in four phases

A

Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II and Cytokinesis

37
Q

Prophase I info

A

Each chromosome pairs with its homolog and crossing over occurs

38
Q

(Prophase I) What are Chiasmata?

A

They are X-Shaped regions and are sites of crossing over –> Genetic Variability

39
Q

Prophase I; Gametes are not

A

like each other and not like their parents

40
Q

Prophase I; After interphase, the sister chromatids are held together by proteins called

A

Cohesins – Sister Chromatid Cohesion

41
Q

Prophase I; Non-sister chromatids broken at

A

precisely corresponding positions

42
Q

Prophase I; what is the Synaptonemal Complex

A

It is zipper-like structure that holds the homologs together tightly

43
Q

Prophase I; DNA breaks are repaired, joining…

A

DNA from one non-sister chromatid to the corresponding segment of another

44
Q

Mitosis vs Meiosis: Mitosis

A

Conserves the number of chromosome sets, producing cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell

45
Q

Mitosis vs Meiosis: Meiosis

A

Reduces the number of chromosomes sets from two (diploid) to one (haploid), producing cells that differ genetically from each other and from the parent cell

46
Q

Mitosis Property

A

Occurs in both Diploid and Haploid Cells

47
Q

Meiosis Property

A

Can occur only in diploid cells

48
Q

Mitosis DNA replication

A

Occurs during interphase before mitosis begins

49
Q

Meiosis DNA replication

A

Occurs during interphase before Meiosis I begins

50
Q

Mitosis Number of Divisions

A

One, including Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase

51
Q

Meiosis Number of Divisions

A

Two, each including Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase

52
Q

Mitosis Synapsis of Homologous Chromosomes

A

Does Not Occur

53
Q

Meiosis Synapsis of Homologous Chromosomes

A

Occurs during Prophase I along with crossing over between nonsister chromatids; resulting Chiasmata hold pairs together due to sister chromatid cohesion

54
Q

Mitosis Number of daughter cells and genetic composition

A

Two, each genetically identical to the parent cell, with the same number of chromosomes

55
Q

Meiosis number of daughter cells and genetic composition

A

Four, each haploid (n); Genetically different from the parent cell and from each other

56
Q

Mitosis Role in the animal or plant body

A

Enables multicellular animal or plant (gametophyte or sporophyte) to arise from a single cell; produces cells fpr growth, repair, and in some species, a sexual reproduction produces gametes in the gametophyte plant

57
Q

Meiosis Role in the animal or plant body

A

Produces gametes (in animals) or spores (in the sporophyte plant); Reduces number of chromosomes sets by half and introduces genetic variability among the gametes or spores

58
Q

Mutations

A

Changes in an organism’s DNA are the original source of genetic diversity

59
Q

Alleles

A

Mutations create different versions of genes, these are called alles

60
Q

Genetic Variation

A

The reshuffling of alleles during sexual reproduction

61
Q

Mechanisms contribute to genetic variation

A

Independent assortment of chromosomes
Crossing Over
Random Fertilization
Mutation

62
Q

Independent Assortment , each pair of chromosomes

A

sorts maternal and paternal homologs into daughter cells independently of the other pairs

63
Q

The number of combinations possible when chromosomes assort independently into gametes is

A

2^n, where n is the haploid number

64
Q

For humans (n=23), there are more than

A

8 mllion (2^23) possible combinations of chromosomes

65
Q

Crossing over produces

A

Recombinant Chromosomes, which combine DNA inherited from each parent

66
Q

Crossing over contributes to

A

Genetic Variation, by combining DNA from two parents into a single chromosome

67
Q

In humans an average number of crossover events per chromosome is

A

1-3 Crossovers

68
Q

Random fertilization adds to genetic variation because

A

Any sperm can fuse with any ovum (unfertilized egg)

69
Q

The fusion of two gametes produces

A

a zygote with any of about 70 trillion diploid combinations

70
Q

Natural selection results in

A

The accumlation of genetic varations favored by the environment

71
Q

Meiosis –> Nondisjunction

A

The members of a chromosome pair fail to separate at Anaphase
Producing gametes with an incorrect number of chromosomes
Can occur in Meiosis I or II

72
Q

Down Syndrome

A

Occurs because there is an extra chromosome in number 21; Trisomy 21

73
Q

Edwards Syndrome

A

Occurs in Trisomy 18, due in part because of an extra chromosome. Result sin the back part of skull being prominent, along with clenched hands, and a shield chest.

74
Q

Patau’s Syndrome

A

Extra Chromosome in Trisomy 13. Results in cleft lip or palate, clenched hands, undescended or abnormal testes. Messed up face yo

75
Q

Klinefelter’ Syndrome

A

Result of a XXY male. Male features poor beard growth, breast development, front baldness absent, and female type pubic hair pattern.

76
Q

Triple X Female

A

XXX Female. Short Stature, Low Hairline. No Menstruation, Redimenary Ovaries

77
Q

XO or Monosomy Turner’s Syndrome

A

No Chromosomes, DNA or Genitalia, but Androgen levels. “She” has a Y chromosome, external female genitalia

78
Q

Cell Death _ Necrosis

A

Low Oxygen, Toxins, ATP Depletion
Random Fragmentation
Ingeseted by Phagocytes
Inflammation

79
Q

Cell Death - Apoptosis

A

Programmed Cell Death
Chromatin condensation, membrane blebbing, single cell death
Ingested by neighboring cells
Vitamin D dependent

BIOL-L 112 Exam 2 (5 decks)

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