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A Level - Biology > Mitosis > Flashcards

Mitosis Flashcards

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1
Q

How many cells are produced in mitosis?

A

Two daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes

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2
Q

How many chromosomes are found in eukaryotic cells?

A

Diploid

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3
Q

How many chromosomes are found in prokaryotic cells?

A

Haploid

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4
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Division of cells where the daughter cells have an exact copy of the DNA of the parent cell

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5
Q

What proceeds mitosis?

A

Interphase

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6
Q

What occurs in interphase?

A

Replication of DNA

Replication of organelles

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7
Q

What is the structure of a chromosome?

A

Two chromatids joined at a centromere

Said to be tightly packed DNA

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8
Q

What are the stages of mitosis?

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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9
Q

What occurs immediately after mitosis?

A

Cytokinesis

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10
Q

What step in mitosis and what occurs in prophase?

A

DNA condenses, chromosomes form
Breakdown of nuclear membrane
Centrioles move to opposite ends (animal)
From which spindle fibers develop (called spindle apparatus)
Nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappears
Chromatids drawn towards equator by spindle fibers which are attached to centrometers

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11
Q

Why are the centrioles not essential for the spindle apparatus?

A

They aren’t present in plant cells but spindle fibers still form

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12
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A

Chromatids visible
Align on the metophase plate
Caused by microtubules

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13
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A

Centromeres divide
Sister chromatids move to opposite poles
Energy provided by mitochondria

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14
Q

What happens in telophase?

A

Nuclear membrane reforms
Chromosomes decondense to chromatin
Spindle fibers disappear
Nuclear envelope reforms

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15
Q

What happens in cytokinesis?

A

Cytoplasm divides
Parent cell becomes 2 daughter cells with identical genetic information
Actin ring divides

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16
Q

What is the difference when plant cells undergo mitosis?

A

Plant cells don’t change shape before division
Cell plate forms to divide cells (lamella)
Eytokinin causes process

17
Q

What causes mitosis in animals?

A

Many different hormones

18
Q

What is a centriole?

A

Organelle which forms the spindle fibers in animal cells
Go to poles in prophase
Not found in plant cells

19
Q

Where does mitosis occur in animals?

A

Bone marrow and many epithelia

20
Q

Where does mitosis occur in plants?

A

Meristems (roots and shoots)

21
Q

What cell division occurs in prokaryotic cells?

A

Binary fission

22
Q

What is binary fission?

A

The circular DNA replicates and attach to cell membrane
Plasmids replicate
Cell membrane grows between DNA and begins to split
New cell wall forms between DNA

23
Q

What is the replication of viruses?

A 
Virus attaches to cell surface
DNA injected into the cell (virus outside)
Replication in nucleic acid
New protein coats synthesized by cell
Mature cells form and ruptures
24
Q

Why can viruses not undergo cell division?

A

They are non-living

25
Q

When does mitosis occur?

A

Growth
Repair
Reproduction (single-celled)

26
Q

What is the mitotic index?

A

Proportion of cells in each stage of the cell cycle
Proportion of time each cell takes to go through the stage
Average % of cells dividing

27
Q

What is the mitotic index equation?

A

Number of cells dividing / total cells x 100

28
Q

What is cancer?

A

Group of diseases caused by a growth disorder in cells

29
Q

How are cancer cells formed?

A

Damage of genes that regulate mitosis and cell cycle

30
Q

What is a tumour?

A

Uncontrolled growth to form a growth of abnormal cells

31
Q

What are the three stages of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase
Nuclear division
Cytokinesis

32
Q

When does a tumour become cancerous?

A

When it changes from benign to malignant

33
Q

What can cause uncontrolled mitosis?

A

Environmental factors

Mutation in genes

34
Q

What is the treatment of cancer?

A

Killing divining cells by blocking the part of the cell cycle
Prevents DNA from replicating
Inhibiting metaphase by interfering with spindle formation

35
Q

What is the problem with cancer treatment?

A

Kills other cells that are dividing (hair cells)

A Level - Biology (22 decks)

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