9: Diversity, classification and variation Flashcards
What are gametes?
Sexual haploid cells
Sperm cells in men, eggs in women
How can the number of chromosomes be described in a normal body cell?
Diploid
46 chromosomes, 32 pairs
One is maternal, one is paternal
What occurs at fertilisation?
Haploid sperm and egg fuse to form a zygote with the diploid number of chromosomes
1/2 maternal, 1/2 paternal
What is random fertilisation?
Any sperm can fertilise any egg
Produces different combinations of chromosomes
Increases genetic diversity
Where does meiosis take place?
Reproductive organs
Why is it important that the cells produced by meiosis are haploid?
To ensure the correct amount of chromosomes when the gametes fuse
What occurs just before meiosis?
Unwinding and replication of DNA
Creates two copes of each chromosome
What is formed when DNA is copied before meiosis?
Two sister chromatids are joined by a centromere
Describe the meiosis process
Replication of DNA
Prophase I - chromosomes pair with corresponding homologous chromosome
Metaphase & Anaphase I - Homologous pairs line up on spindle and the pairs are separated
Telophase I - splitting to form two cells
Metaphase & Anaphase II - Line up and the chromatids separate
Telophase II - splits to form four total cells
Produces 4x haploid cells with 23 chromosomes
What is a homologous pair?
Chromosomes that have the same genes and the same size
Different alleles
One pair maternal and one paternal
What are the three reasons why sexual reproduction gives varied offspring?
Crossing over (prophase I) Independent assortment (metaphase I) Random fertilization
What is the structure formed when homologous pairs of chromosomes come together and pair up?
Bivalent/tetrad
What is crossing over?
In prophase I, homologous pair of chromosomes form bivalents/tetrads
Chromatids twist around and chromatids swap over Chromatids now contain the same genes but different combinations of alleles
What is the product of crossing over?
Four daughter cells formed by meiosis contain chromatids with different alleles
What is independent assortment?
Homologous pairs separated in meiosis I,
Completely random which chromosome from each pair ends up in which daughter cells
Daughter cells have different combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes
What are the differences between mitosis and meiosis in the number of chromosomes?
Mitosis produces daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes
Meiosis produces daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes
What are the differences between mitosis and meiosis in the genetic similarity to the parent cell?
Mitosis daughter cells are genetically identical to one another and parent cell
Meiosis daughter cells are genetically different from one another and the parent cell
What are the differences between mitosis and meiosis in the number of cells produced?
Mitosis produces two daughter cells
Meiosis produces four daughter cells
What is the process whereby there are errors in meiosis?
Chromosome mutation
Leads to inherited conditions due to errors in gametes
How is down’s syndrome formed?
Non-disjunction - a failure of the chromosomes to separate properly
Occurs in meiosis I and II
Extra copy of chromosome 21 as separates improperly - 3 copies
What is a gene mutation?
Change in the DNA base sequence of chromosomes
What are the types of errors in gene mutation?
Substitution - one base is substituted with another
Deletion - one base is deleted
Addition - one base is added
Why do not all mutations affect the order of amino acids?
Degenerate nature means some amino acids are coded for by more than one triplet
Mutations therefore will not always lead to different amino acids
Why does deletion result in a different order of amino acid?
Changes the number of bases present as one less is made
Causes a frameshift in all the base triplets after it
What are mutagenic agents?
Things that increase the rate of mutation
UV radiation, ionising radiation, asbestos
What is the definition of genetic diversity?
Total number of different alleles in a population
What is the definition of a population?
Number of individuals of the same species living in the same place
What is the definition of a species?
Individuals that have the same genes and can breed to form fertile offspring
Belong to the same gene pool
How is genetic diversity increased in a population?
Mutations in the DNA
Different alleles introduced as individuals from another population migrate into them and reproduce
What is the genetic bottleneck?
An event that causes a big reduction in a population
Reduces number of different alleles and genetic diversity
Survivors reproduce
What is the founder effect?
Few organisms from a population start a new colony and only a small number of different alleles
Frequency of alleles are different in the new colony