Mitosis

Question 1

Interphase

Answer 1

~ DNA duplicates itself
~ DNA is in chromatin form
~ nuclear envelope starts to dissappear
~ centrosome duplicates itself

Question 2

Prophase

Answer 2

~ chromatin fibers get thicker and shorter to form chromosomes
~ nuclear envelope fully dissappears
~ spindle fiber appears
~ centrosomes migrate opposite poles of the cell

Question 3

Metaphase

Answer 3

~ chromosomes attach to spinde fibers with their kinetochores
~ chromosomes line up on an equatorial plate
~ karyotyping phase because chromosomes are clear
~ karyotyping is a process to understand if there is any chromosomal abnormality

Question 4

Anaphase

Answer 4

~ sister chromatids moves towards different poles because centromeres seperates

Question 5

Telophase

Answer 5

~ reverse of prophase
~ spindle fiber dissappears
~ nuclear envelope forms
~ chromosomes get longer and create chromatins

Question 6

Cytokinesis

Answer 6

~ seperation process (2 cells occur)
~ daughter cells can have different number of organels, different size and different amounts of cytoplasm
~ animal cells has centrosome (can create spindle fiber because of it) and divides by cleavage furrow
~ plant cells does not have any centrosome (so they cannot create spindle fiber by centrosome, they are created by some special proteins) and they divide by cell plate by golgi

Question 7

DNA Amount

Answer 7

G1: x
S: 2x
G2, P, M, A, T: 2x
Cy: x

Question 8

Chromosome Number

Answer 8

I, P, M: x
A: 2x
T: 2x
Cy: x

Question 9

G1 Checkpoint

Answer 9

~ if the cell reached enough capacity of volume
~ presence of enough nutritients
~ synthesis of growth factor

Question 10

G2 Checkpoint

Answer 10

~ if all the procedures are compeleted
~ if there are any damages on dna or in dna replication

Question 11

M Checkpoint

Answer 11

~ chromosomes bind to mitotic spindle or not
~ if tasks are performed in correct time

Question 12

Contact Inhibition

Answer 12

If cells stop dividing automatically when they reach a specific amount

Question 13

Characteristics of Cancer Cells

Answer 13

~ uncontrolled cell division causing tumors
~ metastatic ability
~ abnormal chromosome count
~ escape from immune system
~ mutations
~ lost of contact inhibition
~ no apoptosis (programmed cell death)
~ angiogenesis (formation of blood vessels around tumors) appears

Question 14

Cancer Cell Types

Answer 14

Benign:
~ does not grow larger
~ does not have metastatic ability
~ not actually cancerous

Malign:
~ grows larger rapidly
~ have metastatic ability
~ cancerous

Question 15

Cancer

Answer 15

~ oncology deals with cancer
~ radiotherapy and chemotherapy are methods to cure cancer cells
~ oncogenes are the genes that can cause cancer

Question 16

Causes of Cancer

Answer 16

~ viruses
~ x-rays
~ uv
~ chemicals
~ familial