Asexual Reproduction

Question 1

General Features

Answer 1

~ reproduction of a new organism without fertilization
~ single parent
~ new offspring arises from a single parent so they have the same genetic materials
~ no genetic diversity
~ creation of clones of mother cell because there is a single parent
~ adaptation chance is weaker because there isn’t any genetic diversity

Question 2

1) Binary Fission

Answer 2

~ only occurs in single cell organisms
~ division of parent cell into two identical daughter cells
~ different from mitosis because of the absence of nuclear membrane

Prokaryotic: bacteria, archea have transverse (short axis) binary fission

Eukaryotic: paramecium has transverse binary fission, euglena has longitudinal (long axis) binary fission, amoeba has random binary fission because it does not have a certain shape

Question 3

Amitosis

Answer 3

Cell division without performing any division stages, nuclear envelope do not dissappear

Question 4

2) Budding

Answer 4

~ parent cell does not divide equally
~ a bud grows out of the body of the parent cell
~ bud remains attached as it grows and it can seperate when its mature, when it stays attached to the parent cell, we call it colony

Unicellular: yeast

Multicellular: hydra, coral, sponge

Question 5

3) Regeneration

Answer 5

~ invertebrate organisms: reproduction
~ vertebrate organisms: repair and regeneration

Question 6

A) Reproduction

Answer 6

~ reconstruction of whole body from a small fragment
~ planarian, starfish
~ increase in the number of organisms

Question 7

B) Repair

Answer 7

~ repair or renew damaged or lost part of the body
~ lizard
~ number of organisms do not increase

Question 8

C) Regeneration

Answer 8

~ healing of a broken bone
~ remodeling of the damaged tissue
~ blood cells
~ liver cells
~ number of organisms do not increase

Question 9

4) Sporulation

Answer 9

~ spores enables organisms to reproduce
~ thick, rough outer coat surrounds spores and protects them from environmental changes
~ by the effect of wind or insects spores spread the environment and produce new organisms without fertilization
~ some fungus and algae, fern non-flowering plants, some unicellular organisms like plasmodium

Question 10

5) Vegetative Reproduction

Answer 10

~ occurs in plant cells
~ new plant grows from the body of the parent cell
~ can occur naturally or by farmers and gardeners
~enables because of the meristematic cells

Question 11

Meristematic Cells

Answer 11

~like stem cells in humans, have capacity to multiply and differentiate any missing part of the plant
~ they can be located any part of the plant

Question 12

A) Stolon-rhizomes-tubers

Answer 12

Strawberries: stolon
~ found below the soil
~ new plant grows from stolon and creates new roots and leaves

Ginger: rhizome
~ found underground
~ rhizome part grow undergorund and creates new roots and shoots

Potato: tuber
~ underground tuber parts are capable of creating new plants
~ if tuber part is seperated into two, two new plants will grow

Question 13

B) Reproduction With Onion

Answer 13

~ meristematic cells are at the onion area found underground
~ onion part is capable of generating new plants
~ tulip, lily, orchid

Question 14

C) Cutting Method

Answer 14

~ cutting any part of plant and placing it into soil to generate roots
~ olive, ivy, rose

Question 15

D) Dipping Method

Answer 15

~ young branch part of the parent cell is dipped into soil without seperation
~ when new roots appear it seperates from the parent cell
~ orange, hazelnut, mandarin

Question 16

E) Seperation Method

Answer 16

~ plant part with root is taken from parent plant and dipped into soil
~ cactus

Question 17

F) Grafting Method

Answer 17

~ two plants are joining together like one plant is inserted to another to create new types of species
~ apple, pear, plum
~ stock is the root plant and scion is the new plant

Question 18

Why?

Answer 18

~ conservation of endangered species
~ reproduction of species that are difficult to produce
~ large production of important plants

Question 19

6) Parthenogenesis

Answer 19

~ drones are n
~ queen bees and worker bees are 2n
~ drone gets mitosis adn creates 1 sperm n
~ queen bee gets meiosis and creates 2 eggs n
~ one of eggs and the sperm fertilizes and creates zygote 2n
~ if the zygote is fed with honey it becomes worker bee
~ if the zygote is fed with royal jelly it becomes queen bee
~ other egg creates drone without fertilization so its called partenogenesis

Question 20

Modification

Answer 20

~ phenotype changes
~ no genetically inherited
~ improvement in muscle

Question 21

Adaptation

Answer 21

~ improves the survival and reproduction chances of organisms
~ genetically inherited
~ polar bear, cactus

Question 22

Endomitosis

Answer 22

Cells which undergo karyokinesis without performing cytokinesis
Ex: muscle cells