Asexual Reproduction Flashcards
General Features
~ reproduction of a new organism without fertilization
~ single parent
~ new offspring arises from a single parent so they have the same genetic materials
~ no genetic diversity
~ creation of clones of mother cell because there is a single parent
~ adaptation chance is weaker because there isn’t any genetic diversity
1) Binary Fission
~ only occurs in single cell organisms
~ division of parent cell into two identical daughter cells
~ different from mitosis because of the absence of nuclear membrane
Prokaryotic: bacteria, archea have transverse (short axis) binary fission
Eukaryotic: paramecium has transverse binary fission, euglena has longitudinal (long axis) binary fission, amoeba has random binary fission because it does not have a certain shape
Amitosis
Cell division without performing any division stages, nuclear envelope do not dissappear
2) Budding
~ parent cell does not divide equally
~ a bud grows out of the body of the parent cell
~ bud remains attached as it grows and it can seperate when its mature, when it stays attached to the parent cell, we call it colony
Unicellular: yeast
Multicellular: hydra, coral, sponge
3) Regeneration
~ invertebrate organisms: reproduction
~ vertebrate organisms: repair and regeneration
A) Reproduction
~ reconstruction of whole body from a small fragment
~ planarian, starfish
~ increase in the number of organisms
B) Repair
~ repair or renew damaged or lost part of the body
~ lizard
~ number of organisms do not increase
C) Regeneration
~ healing of a broken bone
~ remodeling of the damaged tissue
~ blood cells
~ liver cells
~ number of organisms do not increase
4) Sporulation
~ spores enables organisms to reproduce
~ thick, rough outer coat surrounds spores and protects them from environmental changes
~ by the effect of wind or insects spores spread the environment and produce new organisms without fertilization
~ some fungus and algae, fern non-flowering plants, some unicellular organisms like plasmodium
5) Vegetative Reproduction
~ occurs in plant cells
~ new plant grows from the body of the parent cell
~ can occur naturally or by farmers and gardeners
~enables because of the meristematic cells
Meristematic Cells
~like stem cells in humans, have capacity to multiply and differentiate any missing part of the plant
~ they can be located any part of the plant
A) Stolon-rhizomes-tubers
Strawberries: stolon
~ found below the soil
~ new plant grows from stolon and creates new roots and leaves
Ginger: rhizome
~ found underground
~ rhizome part grow undergorund and creates new roots and shoots
Potato: tuber
~ underground tuber parts are capable of creating new plants
~ if tuber part is seperated into two, two new plants will grow
B) Reproduction With Onion
~ meristematic cells are at the onion area found underground
~ onion part is capable of generating new plants
~ tulip, lily, orchid
C) Cutting Method
~ cutting any part of plant and placing it into soil to generate roots
~ olive, ivy, rose
D) Dipping Method
~ young branch part of the parent cell is dipped into soil without seperation
~ when new roots appear it seperates from the parent cell
~ orange, hazelnut, mandarin
E) Seperation Method
~ plant part with root is taken from parent plant and dipped into soil
~ cactus
F) Grafting Method
~ two plants are joining together like one plant is inserted to another to create new types of species
~ apple, pear, plum
~ stock is the root plant and scion is the new plant
Why?
~ conservation of endangered species
~ reproduction of species that are difficult to produce
~ large production of important plants
6) Parthenogenesis
~ drones are n
~ queen bees and worker bees are 2n
~ drone gets mitosis adn creates 1 sperm n
~ queen bee gets meiosis and creates 2 eggs n
~ one of eggs and the sperm fertilizes and creates zygote 2n
~ if the zygote is fed with honey it becomes worker bee
~ if the zygote is fed with royal jelly it becomes queen bee
~ other egg creates drone without fertilization so its called partenogenesis
Modification
~ phenotype changes
~ no genetically inherited
~ improvement in muscle
Adaptation
~ improves the survival and reproduction chances of organisms
~ genetically inherited
~ polar bear, cactus
Endomitosis
Cells which undergo karyokinesis without performing cytokinesis
Ex: muscle cells