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Genetics > Mitosis > Flashcards

Mitosis Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Mitosis

A

Asexual reproduction via cell division that occurs in eukaryotic cells which results in two genetically identical cells

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2
Q

Prokaryotes

A

organisms who lack a nucleus and other organelles. divided into two distinct groups: the bacteria and the archaea

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3
Q

Eukaryotes

A

organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Includes all animals, plants, fungi, and protists, as well as most algae.

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4
Q

Chromatin

A

Chromatin is a complex of DNA and protein found in eukaryotic cells. The primary function is to package long DNA molecules into more compact, denser structures

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5
Q

Binary fission

A

A simpler and faster version of asexual reproduction that occurs in prokaryotic cells, it is more likely to produce mutations.

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6
Q

Meiosis

A

a single cell divides twice to produce four cells, each containing half the original amount of genetic information

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7
Q

Centrosome

A

an organelle that serves as the main microtubule organizing center (MTOC) of the animal cell, as well as a regulator of cell-cycle progression.

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8
Q

Centrioles

A

organelles that reside next to the nucleus within the centrosome that drift to opposite poles of the cell to assist in division

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9
Q

Microtubules

A

polymers that are make up the cytoskeleton, centrioles, and microtubules

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10
Q

Spindle fibers

A

fibers of microtubules that form the mitotic spindle from opposite centrioles and attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes

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11
Q

Cell Cycle Phases

A

Interphase

M Phase

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12
Q

Interphase

A

Most of the cell cycle, a cell grows and replicates its DNA in preparation for mitosis.

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13
Q

M Phase

A

The actual mitosis of the cell cycle where a cell has its chromosomes condensed and divided

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14
Q

What is G1?

A

the initial growth stage

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15
Q

What is S?

A

Continued growth and DNA replication

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16
Q

What is G2?

A

Continued growth and preparations for final division

17
Q

What is G0?

A

A resting phase that takes place when a cell lacks the nutrients to begin S, once enough nutrients are present the cell will return to G1 and go towards S

18
Q

Prophase

A

Chromosomes coil up and condense while centrioles divide and move apart, the nuclear envelope starts to disappear, chromatin fibers pack together, the centrioles move to separate poles of the cell

19
Q

Prometaphase

A

The centrioles produce spindle fibers and have attached to the chromosomes and are migrating to the center of the cell

20
Q

Metaphase

A

The chromosomes form the metaphase plate to align for the centromere to be horizontal to be perpendicular to the spindle fibers so that when the fibers pull, they separate the pair

21
Q

Anaphase

A

Sister chromatids have separated, and each side of the cell receives their pair by spindle fibers pulling them to the centrioles at each pole.

22
Q

Telophase

A

Chromosomes are at each pole, spindle fibers disassociate, centrioles reposition, nuclear envelope begins to reform

23
Q

Kinetochore

A

disc-shaped protein structure associated with duplicated chromatids in eukaryotic cells where the spindle fibers attach during cell division to pull sister chromatids apart.

24
Q

Cytokinesis

A

the part of the cell division process during which the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell divides into two daughter cells

25
Q

Cell Furrow

A

An indentation that forms around the metaplate that begins to separate the cytoplasm

26
Q

Kinases

A

an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a specified molecule and begins chemical reactions

27
Q

Cdk

A

A cyclin dependent kinase, a kinase that is not activated without a cyclin

28
Q

Cyclin-Cdk

A

The combination of the cyclin protein and the cyclin dependent kinase to trigger a chemical reaction

29
Q

M-Cdk

A

The kinase that depends on a cyclin to being M phase

30
Q

S-Cdk

A

The kinase that depends on a cyclin to begin S phase

31
Q

Major cell checkpoints

A

G1/S
G2/M
M

32
Q

Centromere

A

the region of a chromosome to which the microtubules of the spindle attach, via the kinetochore, during cell division

33
Q

Sister Chromatids

A

the identical copies (chromatids) formed by the DNA replication of a chromosome, with both copies joined together by a common centromere

34
Q

How many chromosome pairs do humans have?

A

23

Genetics (4 decks)

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