Mitochondria and Chloroplasts - Mitochondria and Endosymbiont Theory

Question 1

what is endosymbiont theory

Answer 1

that the first eukaryotic common ancestor formed from engulfed prokaryotic cell developing internal membrane compartments

Question 2

with endosymbiont theory, how did the development proceed

Answer 2

common ancestry cell engulfed and maintained endosymbiotic organism and affectional changes gave rise to cellular features now common in all eukaryotic cells

Question 3

Endosymbiont theory: mitochondion

Answer 3

engulfed aerobic prokaryote

Question 4

Endosymbiont theory: chloroplast

Answer 4

engulfed photosynthetic cyanobacterium

Question 5

Endosymbiont theory: nuclear envelope and ER

Answer 5

invagination of pm

Question 6

Endosymbiont theory: other organelles in endomembrane system

Answer 6

derived from ER

Question 7

what do mitochondria and chloroplasts generate

Answer 7

metabolic energy (ATP)

Question 8

energy from mitochondria

Answer 8

derived from carb and lipid catabolism

Question 9

energy from chloroplasts

Answer 9

energy production and carb synthesis via photosynthesis

Question 10

what does organelle biogenesis include

Answer 10

protein targeting, membrane assembly, morphology, motility, replication, degradation and inheritance during cell division

Question 11

what does it mean that mitochondria and chloroplasts are semi-autonomous

Answer 11

organelle replication is controlled by both nuclear genome and organelle genome

Question 12

what do mitochondria and chloroplasts arise from

Answer 12

only pre-existing organelles

Question 13

what kind of organelle is the mitochondria

Answer 13

double membrane bound

Question 14

characteristics of the outer membrane

Answer 14

permeable to ions and small molecules
contains porins

Question 15

what are porins

Answer 15

barrel shaped integral membrane proteins with large internal channel

Question 16

what does the inter membrane space contain

Answer 16

high [H+]

Question 17

how does the inner membrane lie

Answer 17

adjacent to outer membrane

Question 18

what does the inner membrane form

Answer 18

Cristae that extend into organelles interior

Question 19

what does the inner membrane maintain

Answer 19

H+ gradient and is the site for ATP synthase

Question 20

what is the mitochondrial matrix

Answer 20

the aqueous interior

Question 21

what is the matrix the site of

Answer 21

TCA cycle
ATP from oxidative phosphorylation

Question 22

what does the matrix contain

Answer 22

mitochondrial genome
ribosomes

Question 23

what kind of DNA is in the mitochondrial genome

Answer 23

circular

Question 24

what does the mitochondrial genome encode for in humans

Answer 24

13 proteins
2 rRNAs
22 tRNAs

Question 25

what do mitochondria often form

Answer 25

mitochondrial network

Question 26

what is the mitochondrial network

Answer 26

highly branched, long and interconnected series of tubules

Question 27

what does the mitochondrial network allow for

Answer 27

cell-wide coordination of organelles functioning and biogenesis

Question 28

what kind of structure is the mitochondrial network

Answer 28

highly dynamic

Question 29

what do mitochondrial tubules undergo

Answer 29

they are mobile and undergo fusion and fission

Question 30

what does fusion and fission occur in response to

Answer 30

environmental stimuli, developmental status and/or overall energy requirements of cell

Question 31

what do rates of fission versus fusion control

Answer 31

number, size and extent of interconnections of mitochondrial network (organelle homeostasis)

Question 32

what do defects in mitochondrial network correlate with

Answer 32

numerous neurodegenerative diseases

Question 33

what is fission and fusion controlled by

Answer 33

distinct protein machineries

Question 34

what is Drp1

Answer 34

member of dynamin GTP-binding protein family responsible for scission of other cellular membranes

Question 35

what is cardiolipin

Answer 35

mitochondrial-specific membrane phospholipid

Question 36

where is cardiolipin normally found

Answer 36

inner membrane - gets recruited from inner to outer membrane at constriction site