Mitochondria and ATP Production Flashcards
What is complex I and what does it do?
NADH-Coenzyme Q Reductase.
Transfers electrons from NADH to CoQ. Transfers protons from matrix to intermembrane space.
What is complex II and what does it do?
Succinate Coenzyme Q Reductase.
Transfers electrons from FADH2 to CoQ.
What is complex III and what does it do?
Coenzyme Q Reductase.
Transfers electrons from reduced CoQ to cytochrome C. Transfers protons from matrix to intermembrane space.
What is complex IV and what does it do?
Cytochrome C Oxidase.
Transfers electrons from cytochrome C to oxygen. Transfers protons from matrix to intermembrane space.
What does ATP synthase do?
Sometimes called complex V. Uses protein flow from matrix to intermembrane space to power generation of ATP from ADP.
What is required to reduce oxygen to water?
4 electrons and 4 protons.
What can oligomycin do?
Inhibit proton flow of ATP synthase.
What can pesticides do?
Inhibit proton transfer in complex I.
What can poisons like cyanide/CO do?
Can inhibit complex IV.
What happens when a single electron reacts with oxygen?
Produces a superoxide - an oxygen which is a free radical.
What is a free radical?
A molecule with an unpaired electron in the outer shell.
What does ROS stand for?
Reactive oxygen species.
How can free radicals be useful in the body?
They can kill bacteria in the body, and in some cases are used for cell signalling.
What is oxidative stress?
Level of damage caused by reactive oxygen species - reflects balance between ROS exposure and ROS removal by the body.
What can limit ROS damage?
Antioxidant vitamins and enzymes.
