Mitochondria Flashcards
When/Why to Mitochondria fuse and divide?
At low energy levels, to conserve resources mitochondria fuse.
At high energy levels, mitochondria divide to make large amounts of energy.
How are mitchondria moving around the cell?
They are moved around on microtubles
Why would ion transporting cells have mitochondria near them?
many mitochondria are located near basolateral cell membrane infoldings and provide locally needed ATP
What creates the gradient that powers the electron transport chain?
The metabolism of nutrients creates a proton gradient that is used to make ATP
ATP transporter lines up to face VDAC becuase both are anchored to a unique phospholipid of inner mitochondrial membrane called?
The cardiolipin
What transports proteins in the mitochondrial matrix?
The TIM and TOM protein. TOM passes proteins through TIM. TIM transports the proteins into the matrix.
Where is VDAC (porin) located on mitochondria?
It is located on the outer membrane.
Where does ATP leave the mitochondria?
VDAC
What is the purpose of STAR protein?
Import cholestrol into the mitochondria
What is AMPK?
AMP activated Protein Kinase.
Acts as the cell’s fuel sensor
Activated by an increase in AMP (low energy/starvation) and phosphocreatine
**alters the function of many proteins and the transcription of many genes
How do cells respond when intracellular ATP is depleted?
Metabolizing glycogen
Increasing glucose uptake
Increasing mitochondrial number and activity to produce more ATP
These are accomplished via AMPK going around and upregulating metabolic processes (required for mitochondrial biogenesis)
What is NRF-1 activated by? What does it do?
NRF-1 is activated by AMPK.
Upon activation, NRF-1 (and NRF-2) regulates transcription of various mitochondrial genes.
(graph showed various conc. of transcription products without NRF-1. Many were too high.
