mistakes from MCQ questions Flashcards by Sylvie Wilson

types of G alpha s receptor

B1 B2 B3 adrenoreceptors

glucagon

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types of G alpha i receptor

M2, M4 ACh

a2 adrenoreceptor

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signalling pathway of M2 and M4 adrenoreceptors

G alpha i

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effect of alpha 2 adrenoreceptor

vasonconstriction

G alpah i signnlaing

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effect of B1 adrenoreceptors

increased heart rate and bp

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effect of M2 Ach receptors

decreased heart rate

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effect of BNP on GFR

increases GFR

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importance of neuropathic activity causing change in electrical activity of peripheral neurons

facilitates sub-threshold depolarisation

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why are gamma waves used for radiotherapy

shortest

generate free-radical s

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what is flow cytometry commonly used for

identification of the presence of antigens either on the surface of or within cells.

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where does M3 ACh receptor have its effects

bladder detrusor muscle

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M3 Ach receptor antagonist causes

relaxation of bladder detrusor muscle

storage of urine

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what is GLUT2 and where is it found

glucose transporter

found on membranes of pancreatic B cells

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role of GLUT2

uptake of glucose into pancreatic B cells

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hedgehog signalling is important for…

embryonic patterning

limb development

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what releases CRP

liver

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which phase of clincial trials checks safety of drug

phase 1

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which cyclin activates CDK2

cyclin E

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uptake of dye indicates which killing pathway

necrosis

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which currents explain difference in size and duration of skeletal and non-pacemaker APs in the heart

inward long-lasting Ca2+ channels

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ischaemia is caused by

decrease in oxygen therfore decrease in ATP

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which type of AP has very rapid depolarisation phase (phase 0)

non-pacemaker

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which type of AP spontaneously depolarises

pacemaker

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which artery is most frequently occluded in stroke patients

middle cerebral artery (MCA)

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what increases stickiness of RBC

increase in fibrinogen conc

what increased ESR

increased rate of settlement of RBC due to increased stickiness fibrinogen

what brings about sweating in sympathetic response

muscarinic ACh receptors

role of N antigen

facilitates release of virions from infected cells

what initiates skeletal myofibre contraction

release of Ca2+ from SR

Ca2+ is released from SR to initiate contraction, what does it bind to

troponin C

classification for viruses

baltimore

how are viruses classified

according to their method of viral mRNA synthesis

which group of viruses mutates more frequently

group VI

describe features of pre-ganglionic parasympathetic neurons

long | releases Ach

describes features or sympathetic post-ganglionic neuron

long releases NA

effect of K+ conc on aldosterone release

increase in K+ conc causes increase in aldosterone release

effect of aldosterone release on K+ excretion

increase of aldosterone (acts on DCT)causes increase in K+ excretion

effect of myostatin on sarcopenia

increased myostatin increases sarcopenia

define sarcopenia

skeletal muscle loss and weakness

effect of defects/blockade in tuberofundibular dopaminergic pathway

increase serum prolactin

what does ST phase represent

ECG | time between ventricle depolarisation and repolarisation

where do you see neuronal degeneration in parkinsons

substantia nigra

when type of infection would show low gluocose in CSF analysis

bacterial | fungal

increased lymphocytes in CSF shows

viral or fungal infection

bacterial infection CSF analysis

low glucose | high neutrophils

effect of inhibitiing thromboxane synthase

decrease risk of clotting

what is MMP

matrix metalloproteinase | allows migration through ECM into surrounding tissue

MMP inhibitors

reduce metastasis

where are drugs broken down/metabolised

liver

where are DHP receptors found

sarcolemma

what are DHP receptors

voltage-gated calcium channels

role of factor VIII

co-factor activates factor X allows entrance into common pathway

what is the last step of the intrinsic clotting cascade | before it becomes common

co-factor VIII activates factor X

role of CDK4 and CDK6

phosphorylates targets e.g. Rb that allow cell cycle progression

where is aldosterone produced

adrenal cortex

mechanism of B-lactam antibiotics

inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis

what drugs do drug-eluting stents release

immunosuppressants drugs released slowly that block cell proliferation

cause of ARVC

faulty gene expression in genes coding for desmosomes of cardiomyocytes

component of cardiomyocyte affected in ARVC

desmosomes

feature of macula lutea

part of retina | abundance of cone cells

lmitation of csf analysis

speed

role of DOPA-decarboxylase inhibitor

prevents breakdown of L-DOPA to dopamine in the periphery

role of waxy drug coating

reduces adverse side effects | delays drug release until reaches target site

where does protein folding occur

endoplasmic reticulum

role of renin

restores blood volume inreases blood pressure increases cardiac output

role of troponin I

cardiac biomarker | myocardial infarction

what stimulates angiogenesis

decrease in O2 conc.

role of angiogenesis

resotre lbood supply

B3 adrenergci agonist

relaxes bladder detrusor muscle

NAAPH oxidase

catalyses generation of superoxide anions in oxidative stress

iodine deficiency

causes elevated TSH levels | 'Derbyshire neck'

DNA methylation

epigenetic modification suppresses transcription switches off genes

pressure on medulla oblongata

depression of breathin

what makes tumours resistant to radiotherapy

hypoxia

CD28

naive t cell antigen | required for co-stimulation

what allows cardiomyocytes to contract as a synctium

intercalated disks gap junctions form pores cytoplasm is shared between cells

features of a drug suitable for transdermal (skin) absorption

small molecular size | high lipid solubility

what component of the acrdiomyocytes are affected in HCM

sarcomeres

why are nitrites found in urine of UTI patients

bacteria in urine converts nitrates to nitrites

damage to sacral nerve in spina bifida patietns causes

urinary incontinene

what type of receptor is EPO

JAK/STAT

feature of case-control study

cases and controls are matched in a demographic manneer

what causes L-type Ca2+ voltage gated DHP channels to open

depolarisation of the sarcolemma

what causes ryanodine receptors on sarcoplasmic reticulum to open

mechanical coupling of Ca2+ to DHP receptor s

why might someone not get HCM symptoms till later in life

incomplete penetrance | age-related

what is tPA

tissue plasminogen activator | treatment of ischaemia

use of tPA to treat ischaemia

administer 3 hours after symptoms show | promotes break down of clot

use of cheng prusoff equation

converts IC50 to Ki constant

cause of increased excretion and increased thirst

inadequate ADH secretion (not enough water reabsorption)

GAP

GTPase Activating Protein hydrolyses GTP to GDP switches Ras off

3 steps for t cell activation

1 - MHC II of APC binds to T cell receptor 2 - APC releases cytokines 3 - co-stimulation

what happens if no-costimualtion step in t cell activation

cell enters anergy

anergy

cell is alive but functionally incapable of responding to an antigen

horizontal cells

provide lateral signallig between cells to decrease the electrical activity of the retina

what connect photoreceptor cells to bipolar cells

horizontal cells

junctions important in BBB

tight junctions

tight junctions in BBB

link brain endothelial cells together | connect them to astrocytes

where are squamous cell carcinomas found

stratum spinosum

ECL cells

release histamine when stimulated by gastrin

pelvic nerve

spinal nerve responsible for emptying/voiding the bladder

free-radicals in ageing

cause oxidation of macro-molecules

cause of myasthenia gravis

depletion of nicotinic ACh receptors

singlet oxygen

cytotoxic agent generated in PDT using 5-ALA photosensitiser

how do tumour cells metastise

adhere to and invade basement membrane by increasing MMP activity