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DDT > mistakes from MCQ questions > Flashcards

mistakes from MCQ questions Flashcards

1
Q

types of G alpha s receptor

A

B1 B2 B3 adrenoreceptors

glucagon

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2
Q

types of G alpha i receptor

A

M2, M4 ACh

a2 adrenoreceptor

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3
Q

signalling pathway of M2 and M4 adrenoreceptors

A

G alpha i

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4
Q

effect of alpha 2 adrenoreceptor

A

vasonconstriction

G alpah i signnlaing

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5
Q

effect of B1 adrenoreceptors

A

increased heart rate and bp

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6
Q

effect of M2 Ach receptors

A

decreased heart rate

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7
Q

effect of BNP on GFR

A

increases GFR

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8
Q

importance of neuropathic activity causing change in electrical activity of peripheral neurons

A

facilitates sub-threshold depolarisation

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9
Q

why are gamma waves used for radiotherapy

A

shortest

generate free-radical s

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10
Q

what is flow cytometry commonly used for

A

identification of the presence of antigens either on the surface of or within cells.

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11
Q

where does M3 ACh receptor have its effects

A

bladder detrusor muscle

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12
Q

M3 Ach receptor antagonist causes

A

relaxation of bladder detrusor muscle

storage of urine

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13
Q

what is GLUT2 and where is it found

A

glucose transporter

found on membranes of pancreatic B cells

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14
Q

role of GLUT2

A

uptake of glucose into pancreatic B cells

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15
Q

hedgehog signalling is important for…

A

embryonic patterning

limb development

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16
Q

what releases CRP

A

liver

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17
Q

which phase of clincial trials checks safety of drug

A

phase 1

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18
Q

which cyclin activates CDK2

A

cyclin E

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19
Q

uptake of dye indicates which killing pathway

A

necrosis

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20
Q

which currents explain difference in size and duration of skeletal and non-pacemaker APs in the heart

A

inward long-lasting Ca2+ channels

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21
Q

ischaemia is caused by

A

decrease in oxygen therfore decrease in ATP

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22
Q

which type of AP has very rapid depolarisation phase (phase 0)

A

non-pacemaker

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23
Q

which type of AP spontaneously depolarises

A

pacemaker

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24
Q

which artery is most frequently occluded in stroke patients

A

middle cerebral artery (MCA)

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25
Q

what increases stickiness of RBC

A

increase in fibrinogen conc

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26
Q

what increased ESR

A

increased rate of settlement of RBC due to increased stickiness
fibrinogen

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27
Q

what brings about sweating in sympathetic response

A

muscarinic ACh receptors

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28
Q

role of N antigen

A

facilitates release of virions from infected cells

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29
Q

what initiates skeletal myofibre contraction

A

release of Ca2+ from SR

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30
Q

Ca2+ is released from SR to initiate contraction, what does it bind to

A

troponin C

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31
Q

classification for viruses

A

baltimore

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32
Q

how are viruses classified

A

according to their method of viral mRNA synthesis

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33
Q

which group of viruses mutates more frequently

A

group VI

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34
Q

describe features of pre-ganglionic parasympathetic neurons

A

long

releases Ach

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35
Q

describes features or sympathetic post-ganglionic neuron

A

long releases NA

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36
Q

effect of K+ conc on aldosterone release

A

increase in K+ conc causes increase in aldosterone release

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37
Q

effect of aldosterone release on K+ excretion

A

increase of aldosterone (acts on DCT)causes increase in K+ excretion

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38
Q

effect of myostatin on sarcopenia

A

increased myostatin increases sarcopenia

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39
Q

define sarcopenia

A

skeletal muscle loss and weakness

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40
Q

effect of defects/blockade in tuberofundibular dopaminergic pathway

A

increase serum prolactin

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41
Q

what does ST phase represent

A

ECG

time between ventricle depolarisation and repolarisation

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42
Q

where do you see neuronal degeneration in parkinsons

A

substantia nigra

43
Q

when type of infection would show low gluocose in CSF analysis

A

bacterial

fungal

44
Q

increased lymphocytes in CSF shows

A

viral or fungal infection

45
Q

bacterial infection CSF analysis

A

low glucose

high neutrophils

46
Q

effect of inhibitiing thromboxane synthase

A

decrease risk of clotting

47
Q

what is MMP

A

matrix metalloproteinase

allows migration through ECM into surrounding tissue

48
Q

MMP inhibitors

A

reduce metastasis

49
Q

where are drugs broken down/metabolised

A

liver

50
Q

where are DHP receptors found

A

sarcolemma

51
Q

what are DHP receptors

A

voltage-gated calcium channels

52
Q

role of factor VIII

A

co-factor
activates factor X
allows entrance into common pathway

53
Q

what is the last step of the intrinsic clotting cascade

before it becomes common

A

co-factor VIII activates factor X

54
Q

role of CDK4 and CDK6

A

phosphorylates targets e.g. Rb that allow cell cycle progression

55
Q

where is aldosterone produced

A

adrenal cortex

56
Q

mechanism of B-lactam antibiotics

A

inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis

57
Q

what drugs do drug-eluting stents release

A

immunosuppressants

drugs released slowly that block cell proliferation

58
Q

cause of ARVC

A

faulty gene expression in genes coding for desmosomes of cardiomyocytes

59
Q

component of cardiomyocyte affected in ARVC

A

desmosomes

60
Q

feature of macula lutea

A

part of retina

abundance of cone cells

61
Q

lmitation of csf analysis

A

speed

62
Q

role of DOPA-decarboxylase inhibitor

A

prevents breakdown of L-DOPA to dopamine in the periphery

63
Q

role of waxy drug coating

A

reduces adverse side effects

delays drug release until reaches target site

64
Q

where does protein folding occur

A

endoplasmic reticulum

65
Q

role of renin

A

restores blood volume
inreases blood pressure
increases cardiac output

66
Q

role of troponin I

A

cardiac biomarker

myocardial infarction

67
Q

what stimulates angiogenesis

A

decrease in O2 conc.

68
Q

role of angiogenesis

A

resotre lbood supply

69
Q

B3 adrenergci agonist

A

relaxes bladder detrusor muscle

70
Q

NAAPH oxidase

A

catalyses generation of superoxide anions in oxidative stress

71
Q

iodine deficiency

A

causes elevated TSH levels

‘Derbyshire neck’

72
Q

DNA methylation

A

epigenetic modification
suppresses transcription
switches off genes

73
Q

pressure on medulla oblongata

A

depression of breathin

74
Q

what makes tumours resistant to radiotherapy

A

hypoxia

75
Q

CD28

A

naive t cell antigen

required for co-stimulation

76
Q

what allows cardiomyocytes to contract as a synctium

A

intercalated disks
gap junctions form pores
cytoplasm is shared between cells

77
Q

features of a drug suitable for transdermal (skin) absorption

A

small molecular size

high lipid solubility

78
Q

what component of the acrdiomyocytes are affected in HCM

A

sarcomeres

79
Q

why are nitrites found in urine of UTI patients

A

bacteria in urine converts nitrates to nitrites

80
Q

damage to sacral nerve in spina bifida patietns causes

A

urinary incontinene

81
Q

what type of receptor is EPO

A

JAK/STAT

82
Q

feature of case-control study

A

cases and controls are matched in a demographic manneer

83
Q

what causes L-type Ca2+ voltage gated DHP channels to open

A

depolarisation of the sarcolemma

84
Q

what causes ryanodine receptors on sarcoplasmic reticulum to open

A

mechanical coupling of Ca2+ to DHP receptor s

85
Q

why might someone not get HCM symptoms till later in life

A

incomplete penetrance

age-related

86
Q

what is tPA

A

tissue plasminogen activator

treatment of ischaemia

87
Q

use of tPA to treat ischaemia

A

administer 3 hours after symptoms show

promotes break down of clot

88
Q

use of cheng prusoff equation

A

converts IC50 to Ki constant

89
Q

cause of increased excretion and increased thirst

A

inadequate ADH secretion (not enough water reabsorption)

90
Q

GAP

A

GTPase Activating Protein
hydrolyses GTP to GDP
switches Ras off

91
Q

3 steps for t cell activation

A

1 - MHC II of APC binds to T cell receptor
2 - APC releases cytokines
3 - co-stimulation

92
Q

what happens if no-costimualtion step in t cell activation

A

cell enters anergy

93
Q

anergy

A

cell is alive but functionally incapable of responding to an antigen

94
Q

horizontal cells

A

provide lateral signallig between cells to decrease the electrical activity of the retina

95
Q

what connect photoreceptor cells to bipolar cells

A

horizontal cells

96
Q

junctions important in BBB

A

tight junctions

97
Q

tight junctions in BBB

A

link brain endothelial cells together

connect them to astrocytes

98
Q

where are squamous cell carcinomas found

A

stratum spinosum

99
Q

ECL cells

A

release histamine when stimulated by gastrin

100
Q

pelvic nerve

A

spinal nerve responsible for emptying/voiding the bladder

101
Q

free-radicals in ageing

A

cause oxidation of macro-molecules

102
Q

cause of myasthenia gravis

A

depletion of nicotinic ACh receptors

103
Q

singlet oxygen

A

cytotoxic agent generated in PDT using 5-ALA photosensitiser

104
Q

how do tumour cells metastise

A

adhere to and invade basement membrane by increasing MMP activity

DDT (12 decks)

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