Missed Questions 2 Flashcards
What are the main side effects of Olanzapine?
Metabolic syndrome; hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, and obesity.
These symptoms are most common in which atypical anti-psychotics?
What do TSH, T4, and T3 levels look like in Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis?
Elevated TSH, Low T4, and Normal T3 (until very late in course). T3 has short half life and is mostly created intracellularly so it’s levels don’t change right away.
What disease?
Rinne and Webber Test results for conductive hearing loss
Rinne (mastoid and air): Bone heard better in affected ear
Webber (fork on head): lateralizes to effected ear
What type of hearing loss?
Rinne and Webber tests results in sensorineural hearing loss
Rinne: Air better than bone bilaterally (normal)
Webber: Lateralizes to UNaffected ear
What type of hearing loss?
What type of hemorrhages do berry aneurysms cause? Sub-arachnoid, intracerebral, subdural, etc.
Rupture causes a subarachnoid hemorrhage.
What kind of aneurysm causes this?
What effect does carcinoid syndrome have on the heart?
Fibrosis of right side valves and endocardial thickening
What is this seen in?
Persistent Lymphedema increases the risk for what?
Lymphangiosarcoma; neoplastic proliferation of lymph vessel endothelial cells.
Complication of what?
Variation in intrapleural pressure with breathing…. Resting and maximum
At FRC, intrapleural pressure is -5 and reaches -7.5 w/ inspiration.
Myxomatous changes with proteoglycan pooling in arteries is characteristic of…….
NO
Aortic Aneurysm
Is this process also seen in Berry Aneurysm?
Which anti-Arrhythmics have the greatest use-dependence? What does this mean?
IC has greatest use-dependence. This means that QRS interval will be increased at high heart rates
What is pulsus paradoxus? What is it caused by?
Significant reduction in systolic pressure during inspiration. Typically expect a small drop as venous return and pulmonary capacity increase (w/ slight drop in LA return). Tamponade (ex viral pericarditis) causes the enlarged RV to push into the LV (rather than into pericardium) and greatly reduce systolic BP w/ inspiration.
KIT receptor tyrosine kinase mutation can cause proliferation of what cell type?
Mast Cells
What mutation causes increased proliferation?
What symptoms do you see in systemic mastocytosis?
Huge Histamine: syncope, flushing, hypotension, pruritis, urticaria.
GI effects include acid secretion and diarrhea from pancreatic enzyme inhibition
2 main causes of nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis (vegetations on valves made of platelets and fibrin)
Malignancy and Lupus
What effects can these have on the heart?
3 types of gallstones and their cause
Cholesterol = high cholesterol…..
Black pigment = high unconjugated bilirubin + calcium
Brown = also pigment stones but from beta-glucuronidase from hepatocytes in response to bacterial/fluke infection
What is a Cholesteatoma?
What can it cause?
A pearly-gray accumulation of squamous debris behind the tympanic membrane
Can cause painless otorrhea or produce enzymes that cause conductive hearing loss
Isolated inability to adduct on eye on lateral gaze. What is the problem?
Vs Down and Out gaze
Damage to the ipsilateral MLF at the pons
Damage to CNIII (typically compression)
What are the physical findings?
What does the superior colliculus do?
The lateral geniculate nucleus?
Vertical Gaze
Thalamic processing of visual information
What structures?
Where do uric acid crystals form in the nephron? Why? What causes them?
Form in the collecting duct due to low pH
Look out for these in tumor lysis syndrome, give allopurinol
What is happening?
Over-stimulation of the adrenal gland by ACTH; hypertrophy of hyperplasia?
Hyperplasia apparently……
How to treat side effects from anti-psychotic overdose
Drug-induced parkinsonism (D2 blockade) give benztropine or trihexyphenidyl
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome, give dantrolene
Overdose/side effect of what medication?
What is the liver’s response to nephrotic syndrome?
Lots of protein production! Makes everything from albumin to lipoproteins to try and increase oncotic pressure.
Will also see RAAS activation which retains sodium and water and exacerbates edema
Most common cause of death in Fredreich Ataxia?
Cardiomyopathy
Most common cause of death in what trinucleotide repeat disorder? Symptoms?
Where does chemotherapy cause nausea? Where is it located?
Area postrema in the medulla
What does this do?