Missed out content Flashcards by chioma nwachukwu

what is c-myc

it is a proto-onco gene

when it is overexpressed it becomes an oncogene (which promotes cell cycle progession (over expresses the cell cycle))

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what does treponema pallidum form

sphyilis

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what type of microorganism is treponema pallidum

spirochoate

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what is enterohepatic circulation

circuclation of bile acids from the liver to the gut to the liver again.

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what 2 things are required for a histopathological diagnosis

endoscopy and biopsy

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MRI shows malignancies in what organ of the body?

rectal malignancies

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does homeostatsis regulate identical internal conditons

not idential it regulates SIMILAR

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Describe how negative feedback maintains homeostasis in someone who is dehydrated.

When the person is dehydrated, the negative feedback mechanism causes them to feel thirsty and so they drink water. Once they have drank water and balance is restored the feedback mechanism stops so that they no longer feel thirsty.

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State the standard volumes of the three body fluid types in a 70kg, 21 year old male.

Plasma - 3L
ISF - 11L
ICF -28L

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150mg of sucrose injected into plasma of 70kg man,
[sucrose] blood sample after distribution = 0.01mg/ml
10mg were excreted or metabolised.
What is the volume of ECF?

150-10mg=140mg distributed in ECF.

v=m/c = 140/0.01 = 14000mls

ECF volume = 14,000ml or 14L

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Describe the distribution of total body weight between the body fluid compartments.

1/3 in ECF

2/3 in ICF

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percentage of water in human body

60%

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what has a thicker wall capillaries or arteries

arteries

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a large concentration gradient between the ICF and ECF is essential for what

helps with muscle and nerve function

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is more water stored in muscle or in fat?

in muscle so water content decreases as u age

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what is evans blue used for

measures plasma VOLUME - it detects plasma proteins

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what is the % of total blood count in MALES

7-8%

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how much % of body weight is just plasma?

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increase in bacterial infection results in what?

increase in neutrophils

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what do blood cells derive from?

pluripotent haeomocpoeitc stem cells

these are subdivded into committted(i.e lymphocytes) and non committed stem cells

increase in viral infection results in what?

increase in lymphocytes

why cant erthyrocytes repair themselves

they lose their mitochondira and ribosomes as they become erthyroblasts

are platelets cells ? and state their lifespan compared to RBC

theyre not cells theyre fragments

lifepsan is 10 days

% of average RBC count in humans

40-50%

which enzymes breaks down proteins into peptides in the small intestine

trypsin and chymotrypsin

how is jaundice formed

excess bilirubin in liver

what regulates isocitrate dehydrogenase in the citric acid cycle? ( negative and postive regulators i,e need energy and has energy)

isocitrate when it has energy (negative regulator) forms ATP & NADH Lacks enegery (postive regulator) forms ADP

what regualtes alpha-keto in the Krebs cycle

negative regualtor - Succinyl, ATP , NADH postive - Ca+

what is PDH kinase? & how does it do its job

it is an enzyme that inhibits E1 by putting a phosophate on it

how is oxolatocate formed in citirc acid cycle

pyruvate + carboxylase

what is meant by the term commensal?

an organism which is part of the normal flora of the body

what is meant by the term virulence when reffering to pathogens and host

ability for the pathogen to cause harm

give an example of a latent viral infection

herpes (HPV)

Which two types of virus can cause cancer and what types of cancers can they cause?

papillovirus -cervical carcinoma retrovirus -lymphoma

Identify the meanings of antigenic drift and antigenic shift

drift - minor changes shift - major changes

state 2 testing methods for parasites

serology rapid diagnostic testing

state the 2 primary lymphatic organs and the 2 secondary lymphatic organs

primary -thymus & bone marrow secondary- spleen & lymph node

what are activated T cells also known as ?

effector T cells

what enzyme induces apoptosis

granzyme

name give to the part of the antigen responsible for production of specific antibodies

epitope

name the 2 regions antiboidies are divided into name each

upper region - antigen binding receptor lower region - Fc region

what is another name for antibodies

immunoglobulins

difference between active and passive immunity

active- produce memory cells , lasts longer and produces natural response passive - doesnt last, no memory cells and gets its antiboidies from other things like vaccines, breast milk etc

what is the term used to describe individuals who haven't encountered a particular pathogen?

susceptible/naive

where does the activation of the complement take place?

on the surface of target cells

what is formed as a result of the complement being activated?

membrane attack complex (MAC)

what is the final stage of the complement system?

the MAC produced creates a hole in target cells which leads to direct lysis and destruction of the cell

what are the 3 functions of the complement system?

inflammatory lysis enhanced phagocytosis