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REVISION FC > Missed out content > Flashcards

Missed out content Flashcards

1
Q

what is c-myc

A

it is a proto-onco gene

when it is overexpressed it becomes an oncogene (which promotes cell cycle progession (over expresses the cell cycle))

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2
Q

what does treponema pallidum form

A

sphyilis

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2
Q

what type of microorganism is treponema pallidum

A

spirochoate

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3
Q

what is enterohepatic circulation

A

circuclation of bile acids from the liver to the gut to the liver again.

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4
Q

what 2 things are required for a histopathological diagnosis

A

endoscopy and biopsy

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5
Q

MRI shows malignancies in what organ of the body?

A

rectal malignancies

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6
Q

does homeostatsis regulate identical internal conditons

A

not idential it regulates SIMILAR

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7
Q

Describe how negative feedback maintains homeostasis in someone who is dehydrated.

A

When the person is dehydrated, the negative feedback mechanism causes them to feel thirsty and so they drink water. Once they have drank water and balance is restored the feedback mechanism stops so that they no longer feel thirsty.

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8
Q

State the standard volumes of the three body fluid types in a 70kg, 21 year old male.

A

Plasma - 3L
ISF - 11L
ICF -28L

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8
Q

150mg of sucrose injected into plasma of 70kg man,
[sucrose] blood sample after distribution = 0.01mg/ml
10mg were excreted or metabolised.
What is the volume of ECF?

A

150-10mg=140mg distributed in ECF.

v=m/c = 140/0.01 = 14000mls

ECF volume = 14,000ml or 14L

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9
Q

Describe the distribution of total body weight between the body fluid compartments.

A

1/3 in ECF

2/3 in ICF

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10
Q

percentage of water in human body

A

60%

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11
Q

what has a thicker wall capillaries or arteries

A

arteries

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12
Q

a large concentration gradient between the ICF and ECF is essential for what

A

helps with muscle and nerve function

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13
Q

is more water stored in muscle or in fat?

A

in muscle so water content decreases as u age

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14
Q

what is evans blue used for

A

measures plasma VOLUME - it detects plasma proteins

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15
Q

what is the % of total blood count in MALES

A

7-8%

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16
Q

how much % of body weight is just plasma?

A

4%

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17
Q

increase in bacterial infection results in what?

A

increase in neutrophils

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18
Q

what do blood cells derive from?

A

pluripotent haeomocpoeitc stem cells

these are subdivded into committted(i.e lymphocytes) and non committed stem cells

19
Q

increase in viral infection results in what?

A

increase in lymphocytes

20
Q

why cant erthyrocytes repair themselves

A

they lose their mitochondira and ribosomes as they become erthyroblasts

21
Q

are platelets cells ? and state their lifespan compared to RBC

A

theyre not cells theyre fragments

lifepsan is 10 days

22
Q

% of average RBC count in humans

A

40-50%

23
Q

which enzymes breaks down proteins into peptides in the small intestine

A

trypsin and chymotrypsin

24
Q

how is jaundice formed

A

excess bilirubin in liver

25
Q

what regulates isocitrate dehydrogenase in the citric acid cycle?
( negative and postive regulators i,e need energy and has energy)

A

isocitrate when it has energy (negative regulator) forms ATP & NADH

Lacks enegery (postive regulator) forms ADP

26
Q

what regualtes alpha-keto in the Krebs cycle

A

negative regualtor - Succinyl, ATP , NADH

postive - Ca+

27
Q

what is PDH kinase? & how does it do its job

A

it is an enzyme that inhibits E1 by putting a phosophate on it

28
Q

how is oxolatocate formed in citirc acid cycle

A

pyruvate + carboxylase

29
Q

what is meant by the term commensal?

A

an organism which is part of the normal flora of the body

30
Q

what is meant by the term virulence when reffering to pathogens and host

A

ability for the pathogen to cause harm

31
Q

give an example of a latent viral infection

A

herpes (HPV)

32
Q

Which two types of virus can cause cancer and what types of cancers can they cause?

A

papillovirus -cervical carcinoma

retrovirus -lymphoma

33
Q

Identify the meanings of antigenic drift and antigenic shift

A

drift - minor changes

shift - major changes

34
Q

state 2 testing methods for parasites

A

serology

rapid diagnostic testing

35
Q

state the 2 primary lymphatic organs and the 2 secondary lymphatic organs

A

primary -thymus & bone marrow

secondary- spleen & lymph node

35
Q

what are activated T cells also known as ?

A

effector T cells

36
Q

what enzyme induces apoptosis

A

granzyme

37
Q

name give to the part of the antigen responsible for production of specific antibodies

A

epitope

38
Q

name the 2 regions antiboidies are divided into name each

A

upper region - antigen binding receptor

lower region - Fc region

39
Q

what is another name for antibodies

A

immunoglobulins

40
Q

difference between active and passive immunity

A

active- produce memory cells , lasts longer and produces natural response

passive - doesnt last, no memory cells and gets its antiboidies from other things like vaccines, breast milk etc

41
Q

what is the term used to describe individuals who haven’t encountered a particular pathogen?

A

susceptible/naive

42
Q

where does the activation of the complement take place?

A

on the surface of target cells

43
Q

what is formed as a result of the complement being activated?

A

membrane attack complex (MAC)

44
Q

what is the final stage of the complement system?

A

the MAC produced creates a hole in target cells which leads to direct lysis and destruction of the cell

45
Q

what are the 3 functions of the complement system?

A

inflammatory
lysis
enhanced phagocytosis

REVISION FC (2 decks)

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