Miss staniland

Question 1

What is the definition of learning?

Answer 1

The more or less permanent change in behaviour that is reflected in a change of performance

Question 2

Key characteristics of learning

Answer 2

• Linked to practice or experience
• Relatively permanent
• Not a fluke or one off occurance

Question 3

What is transfer of skills?

Answer 3

How the learning of 1 skill affects the learning of another

Question 4

Positive tranfer

Answer 4

The learning of 1 skill helps the learning of another

Question 5

Positive transfer example

Answer 5

Tennis serve is very similar to a volley ball serve so the learning of one of them will help with the learning of the other

Question 6

What is negative transfer?

Answer 6

The learning of 1 skill hinders the learning of another

Question 7

Negative transfer example

Answer 7

A lot of movement in tennis is generated out of the shoulder joint but in badminton a lot of movementis generated by the elbow and wrist. So the learning of one of them might negatively affect the ability to play the other one as you pick up bad habits

Question 8

What is proactive transfer?

Answer 8

A learned skill affects the learning of a new skill

Question 9

Proactive transfer example

Answer 9

You have been playing volleyball and you now pick up tennis and you have now transferred the learning of that old volleyball serve into the learning of a new one

Question 10

Retroactive transfer

Answer 10

The new skills affect the previosly learned skills

Question 11

Retroactive transfer

Answer 11

Going from volleyball to tennis then back to volleyball. Will the tennis serve affect the volleyball serve

Question 12

Bilateral transfer

Answer 12

The learning on one limb slightly improves the learning on the opposite limb

Question 13

Bilateral transfer example

Answer 13

Practice passing on right foot a lot you will be able to pass with your left foot having not practiced before but it is no where near as effective as practicing on your other limb (football)

Question 14

Zero transfer

Answer 14

Its where the skills from one sport have no impact on learning a new sport

Question 15

Zero transfer example

Answer 15

Swimmer transferring to archery

Question 16

How to ensure positive transfer takes place?

Answer 16

Ensure that skills are thoroughly learned before moving on to other skills
Avoid confusing practices to avoid negative transfer
Positive previous experiences or values assist transfer

Question 17

What are thorndikes 3 laws of learning?

Answer 17

• Law of exercise
• Law of effect
• Law of readiness

Question 18

Law of exericse

Answer 18

The performer must practice regurarly in favourable conditions (this will strenghten the SR connections)

Question 19

Law of effect

Answer 19

The performer is more likely to repeat the task if their behaviour is followed by experience or satisfaction (SR bond is strengthened)

Question 20

Law of readiness

Answer 20

The performer is physically and mentally able to complete the task

Question 21

What is a SR bond?

Answer 21

It is where a performer learns to link a particular response to a particular stimulus

Question 22

What is an example of a SR bond?

Answer 22

The starter gun in swimming (stimulus) triggers the swimmers movement (response) from the blocks on the poolside.

Question 23

How can the stimulus response bond be strengthened

Answer 23

By applying thorndikes law of learning

Question 24

Law of exercise (example)

Answer 24

The athlete has frequent attempts at the sprint start (this will strengthen the SR bond for the future)

Question 25

Law of effect example

Answer 25

The swimmer feels pride after doing 25m for the first time (strenghtens SR bond)

Question 27

Law of readiness example

Answer 27

A learner swimmer must want to and be physically capable of trying butterfly if she is to master the stroke

Question 28

Example of classical conditioning?

Answer 28

Unconditioned stimulus: Coach calls backlift when a bowler is near the end of their run up
Conditioned stimulus: Coah tells player to notice where the bowler is when he makes the call
Unconditioned response: Batter lifts his bat to prepare for the delivery
Conditioned response- They can use there judgement of where the bowler is in the run up

Question 29

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 29

Its shaping behaviour by reinforcement. The sports person has a go at the sport (trial and error) and the correct effort is reinforced and the incorrect effort is negatively reinforced

Question 30

What is positive reinforcement?

Answer 30

• They are favourable events or outcomes that are presented after the behaviour
• It is done by teacher praising success and hence giving the sportsperson a feeling of wellbeing when success is achieved
• When an incorrect effort is achieved praise is withdrawn and not given meaning the sportsperson learns to associate praise with the correct response so it strengthens the stimulus-response bond.
• Sportsperson is learning by trial and error so incorrect responses will disappear as the sportsperson wants to feel good.

Question 31

Example of positive reinforcement

Answer 31

Badminton- using hoops to get an overhead clear
if not correct teacher gives feedback but if correct they get praise like saying welldone

Question 32

What is negative reinforcement?

Answer 32

• It involves the removal of an unfavourable event or outcome after the display of a behaviour (after a desired response occurs)
• A response is strenghened by the removal of something considered unpleasant
• Strengthens stimulus response bond

Question 33

Example of negative reinforcement

Answer 33

At the end of a session you have to do a killer run but the coach says you have trained hard so don’t have to do it.

Question 34

What is punishment reinforcement?

Answer 34

Causes some distress or discomfort to individual
Weakens stimulus response bond
The intention is to stop displaying the behaviours that the coach doesnt want them to display

Question 35

Example of punishment reinforcement

Answer 35

Shouting at a player
Substituting a player

Question 36

Whitings model

Answer 36

The whiting model view stimulus identification, decision making and output
It begins with the Input data stage
- Stage where information you are going to receive is going to be displayed in front of you and it is detected by the receptor systems such as visual info, senses, feelings and selective attention. For example a ball is coming towards you so you move your foot to control it.
it has 3 stages the first stage is where the stimuli input information display then a decision is made and then theres an output action muscular response

Perceptual mechanism:
- Brain interprets the information youve been given into a form you can undertand and then use. (stimulus identification) where info is gathered and collected from the display via the sensory system. The performer uses perception mechanism and any information deemed irrelevant is filtered via the selective attention to increase the speed of decision making.

Translatory mechanism:
- When you use the information gathered to create a best possible decision for the environment and this info is sent to the effector mechanism

Effector mechanism
- Effectors use the motor cortex to create a motor plan and this is where the decision that you have chosen is being made.
- The effectors sends the signals to relevant muscle ready for another signal that is sent to the muscular system to allow the muscles to contract

output data stage
Its where movement is conducted into the final stage where the brain holds the signals and tells you whether its successful or not.

Question 37

selective attention

Answer 37

stimuli input information display
decision is made
output action muscular response

Question 38

What does guidance refer to?

Answer 38

The method they use to assist the learner
There intention is to promote learning, reduce mistakes and motivate or give confidence to a learner in challenging situations

Question 39

Visual guidance

Answer 39

Invlves showing the performer what to do or how there performing
can be done by
demonstrating
video

Question 40

Advantages of visual guidance

Answer 40

enables learners to see a correct model and try to reproduce the movement

Question 41

Disadvantages of visual guidance

Answer 41

Not useful for a large group who might not be able to observe in close detail

Question 42

Verbal guidance

Answer 42

where the coach gives instruction to participants to perform the skill

Question 43

Advantges of verbal guidance

Answer 43

enables performer to link movements cognitively

Question 44

Disadvantages of verbal guidance

Answer 44

Performer can be overload with information