miss pancholi-approaches Flashcards
what is the definition of psychology
the scientific study of the human mind and its functions and how these influence human behaviour
Who was the father of psychology and what did he do
-William Wundt
-opened the first lab 1879
-wanted to investigate the nature of human consciousness known as introspection
- focused on scientific psychology and believed in the experimental method.
which scientist studied classical conditioning
ivan pavlov
which scientist studied operant conditioning
BF skinner
what were the assumptions of the behaviousit approach(learning approach)
-only interested in studying behaviour that can be observed and measured.
-not concerned with investigating mental processes of the mind as they were seen as irrelevant.
-John B Watson rejected introspection as found concepts too vague and difficult to measure.
-behaviourists believe that humans are born with ‘tabula rasa’ (as a blank slate) and this is written on by experience
-behaviourists suggested that the basic processes that govern learning are the same in all species hence it is valid for animals to replace humans as experimental subjects in research
learning approach is umbrella term for group of 3 theories which empahazize importance of learning. what are the three theories
classical conditioning(cc)-ivan pavlov
operant conditioning(oc)-bf skinner
social learning theory(SLT)
what is classical condition learnt through
assossiation
operant conditioning
learning through consequences such as reward(i.e. reinforcement) and punishment
-skinners theory that organisms produce different behaviours. These produce consequences.
consequences may be positive (desirable)
or negative(undesirable)
determine whether or not behaviour will be repeated
1.postive reinforcement
2.negative reinforcement
3.punishment
what is difference between reinforcement and punishment
reinforcement- increases likelihood that a behaviour will be repeated
punishment -decreases likelihood that behaviour will be repeated.
a01 points for the learning approach
-agreed with behaviourists that behaviour is learned from the environment. slt rests on idea of observational learning. Learning occurs from the imitation of behaviour performed by role models who model behaviour in a social environment.
-models more likely to be imitated if child or adult identifies with them in some way. i.e. similar gender, age, powerful, influential(celebrities)
-behaviour that brings reward to a role model more likely to be copied. Called vicarious reinforcement.
Bandura et al study process
-wanted to investigate whether aggression could be acquired through modelling and to see whether children more likely to imitate same sex role models.
what part of bf skinners study showed positive reinforcement
rat moves around cage, when accidently presses lever, a food pellet (reinforcer or reward) falls into cage. Hungry rat begins pressing lever to receive food continuously. This is because rat has learned through positive reinforcement that particular actions result in a positive consequence(reward of food)
what are the 5 points of the study of the internal mental processes
how we turn information from our eyes to a usable form- PERCEPTION
how we choose what to think about-ATTENTION
how we store information to use in the future-MEMORY
how we construct meaningful sentences to communicate with others- LANGUAGE
how we construct new solutions- PROBLEM SOLVING
What are schemas
packages of ideas and information developed through experience
what schemas are babies born with according to the cognitive approach
babies are born with motor schemas for innate behaviours such as sucking or grasping
as we get olde our schemas become more detailed and sophisticated
