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Applying Psychology > Misinformation > Flashcards

Misinformation Flashcards

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1
Q

What is misinformation?

A

Any information that turns out to be false (Ecker et al., 2022)

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2
Q

What are conspiracy theories?

A

Beliefs that two or more individuals have coordinated in secret to achieve an outcome which is of public interest but not public knowledge

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3
Q

What can misinformation and conspiracy beliefs lead to? (Ecker et al., 2022)

A

False beliefs

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4
Q

Belief in conspiracy theories leads to:

A

Increased violence
Lower political engagement and trust in politics
lower concern and support of pro-environmental policies
Risk health decision-making

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5
Q

Conspiracy theories may…

A

erode interpersonal relationships

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6
Q

Toribio-Florenz et al., (2023) study found what about conspiracy theorists and interpersonal relationships

A

They found that conspiracy beliefs is negatively associated with satisfaction in interpersonal relationships, especially in people who do not believe CT

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7
Q

Misinformation is on the ___

A

rise (Vosoughi et al., 2018)

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8
Q

___% of Americans are ____ about fake news

A

73%, concerned

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9
Q

What are the factors that can cause people to share misinformation?

A

Cognitive-Emotional

Sociological

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10
Q

What are the cognitive-emotional factors?

A

Illusory truth effect

Selective exposure, confirmation bias and motivated reasoning

Intuitive vs. deliberate thinking

The role of emotions

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11
Q

What is Illusory truth effect (Pantazi et al., 2018)?

A

Believing something as true when it has familiarity, is repeated and consistency with previous cognitions

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12
Q

What is Selective exposure, confirmation bias and motivated reasoning (they’re not separate definitions) (Lazer et al., 2018)?

A

people are motivated to get exposed to and accept information that aligns with their prior beliefs. While also developing arguments and justifications to support this information.

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13
Q

What is Intuitive vs. deliberative thinking (Bago et al., 2020)?

A

Intuitive thinking makes people vulnerable to misinformation, while deliberate thinking helps them resist it. However, once the misinformation has been accepted deliberate thinking might contribute to the justification of false beliefs

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14
Q

What is the role of emotions? (Crockett et al., 2017)

A

Fake news and conspiracy theories trigger the experience of negative emotions such as fear and anxiety, which attracts peoples attentions and makes them vulnerable to persuasion.

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15
Q

What are the Sociopsychological factors?

A

(Mis-)perception of the source of information

Social identity

False consensus

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16
Q

How does the sociopsychological factor, (mis-)perception of the source of information influence us?

A

Higher persuasiveness of sources that are attractive, powerful and similar to oneself (Brinol et al., 2009)

Tendency to disregard quality cues of the source of information (Dias et al., 2020)

17
Q

How does the Social Identity factor under the Sociopsychological factors influence us? (Mackie et al., 1990)

A

People are more willing to accept information from in-group members compared to out-group members

18
Q

How does the Sociopsychological factor, False consensus, influence us? (Yousif et al., 2019)

A

The perception of the consensus will influence if we think something is true or not, thus people may trust misinformation. People also overestimate how much their belief overlaps with other peoples.

19
Q

What is the Motivational Needs-Based Model of Conspiracy Beliefs? (Doulas & Sutton, 2023)

A

Argues three motives lead to someone developing conspiracy beliefs

20
Q

What are the three motives in the Motivational Needs-Based Model of Conspiracy Beliefs and what are they?

A

Epistemic motives
Need to achieve knowledge and reduce uncertainty. You also make conjunction fallacies and illusory correlations

Existential motives
Need to feel safe and in control

Social motives
Need to maintain a positive image of the self and the group

21
Q

What are the three challenges of online media?

A

Propagation of misinformation (misinfo spreads faster and is more difficult to tackle)

Echo chambers

Filter bubbles (algorithms only show you info you would be interested in)

22
Q

What are the two negative influences of online media?

A

Increase the likelihood of people engaging in illusory truth bias, confirmation bias, motivated reasoning and selective exposure

Creates an environment of social validation, contributing to misperceptions, misbeliefs and false consensus within groups of like-minded people

23
Q

What are the 4 reasons as to why it is difficult to correct misinformation?

A

Continued influence effect

Distrust in corrected source

Defence mechanisms

Cognitive dissonance

24
Q

What is the continue influence effect? (Lewandowsky & van der Linden, 2021)

A

People rely on the original information even when presented with fact-checked, valid or corrected information

Misinformation encoded in memory is not simply replaced with corrected information, corrected information is encoded but does not intergrade with misinformation. We selectively retrieve misinformation, not corrected info.

25
Q

What did the Nyhan et al., (2019) study find about false beliefs?

A

Democrats and republicans corrected their false beliefs. however republicans did not change their evaluation of Trump or their intention to vote for him?

26
Q

How can you prevent or pre-bunk misinformation?

A

Inoculation theory

Digital literacy

27
Q

What is Inoculation theory?

A

Exposing people to weakened persuasive attempts, granting the individuals mental anti-bodies to resist future persuasive attempts

28
Q

What are the two types of inoculation? (Traberg et al., 2022)

A

Passive inoculation and Active inoculation

Passive: counterarguments or mental defences is provided by the experimenter

Active: Participants generate it themself through inoculation games

29
Q

What are the 10 tips to spot fake news published by Facebook?

A
  1. be sceptical of headlines
  2. look closely at the URL
  3. investigate the source
  4. what for unusual formatting
  5. consider the photos
  6. inspect the dates
  7. look at other reports
  8. check the evidence
  9. is the story a joke?
  10. some stories are intentionally false
30
Q

What is the aim of Digital Literacy

A

Gain skills and competencies needed to successfully navigate a fragmented and complex information ecosystem (Guess et al., 2020)

31
Q

Is inoculation against misinformation effective? (Lu, et al., 2023)

A

Yes, it significantly reduced misinformation creditability

Increases real information credibility

and significantly increases people’s ability to discern credibility between real and false information

Applying Psychology (5 decks)

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