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agony > misery > Flashcards

misery Flashcards

1
Q

List the 5 Methods in Neuroscience (GE COP)

A
  1. Genetic Manipulations
  2. Electrophysiology
  3. Chemogenetics
  4. Optogenetics
  5. Pharamcology
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2
Q

List the methods to measure neural function

A
  1. en vivo calcium imaging
  2. fiber photometry
  3. electrophysiology
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3
Q

How are the methods of neuroscience and the methods to measure neural function different?

A

Methods in neuro is meant to perturb while methods of measuring neural function is just for observation

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4
Q

What are brainwaves?

A

The rhythmic/repetitive electrical energy is generated spontaneously and in response to stimuli from the CNS. They promote the precise temporal coordination of processes relating to cognition, memory, perception and behavior

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5
Q

What can you detect with EEG? Give 2 examples of diseases that can be detected using it.

A

abnormal brain wave patterns. Ex. Epilepsy, MS

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6
Q

_______ are short segments of EEG data that are time-locked to particular events and typically averaged over many trials of an experiment.

A

ERP (Event-related potential)

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7
Q

What is EEG?

A

EEG is a continuous measure of electrical brain activity.

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8
Q

50-100ms

A

sensory

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9
Q

N100 & P100

A

selective attention

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10
Q

N200

A

unexpected stimulus

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11
Q

P300 (most common one thats tested)

A

attend to stimulus

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12
Q

What is Positron Emission Tomography (PET) used to measure/visualize? Describe how it works

A

It measures changes in blood flow.
First, radioactive tracers are injected into the bloodstream. More blood is directed to areas of the brain with higher metabolic activity so more tracer ends up there. There’s a release of positrons, which collide with electrons and form gamma rays. PET detects gamma rays. The results are shown as changes in regional Cerebral Blood Flow.

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13
Q

!Our brain’s interference can constrain information processing. Give and define an example

A

Stroop effect, when you have a delay in reaction time between congruent and incongruent stimuli (ex. if the word GREEN is written in red marker)

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14
Q

Give 5 examples of brain damage with clinical significance

A

-aneurysm
-tumor
-degenerative disorders
-bacterial/viral disorders
-traumatic brain injury

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15
Q

When studying the damaged brain, what do imaging & cognitive tests assess?

A

vision, executive control, motor skills, language and memory

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16
Q

Callostomy

A

split brain

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17
Q

3 major ways we like to study the brain

A

Brain damage
Imaging & cognitive tests
Lesions

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18
Q

What did studying lesions show us?

A

Removing a connection or a part of the brain and seeing an impairment doesn’t always mean that that part of the brain is involved in that process.

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19
Q

When recalling their traumatic plane crash, survivors of Flight 236 had which brain regions light up? When happened when researchers showed them 9/11 footage?

A

Amygdala, hippocampus, frontal & posterior regions
Similar regions lit up

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20
Q

What is fMRI? It has high resolution with good contrast between ___________.

A

a non invasive method for mapping the brain;
different tissues

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21
Q

What happens in an MRI?

A

The nucleus of a hydrogen atom behaves like a small magnet. When you lay in the strong magnetic field of an MRI system all the hydrogen protons in your body (most of which are in water) align with that magnetic field.

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22
Q

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)

A

in an MRI, the hydrogen protons can be manipulated so they generate a signal that can be mapped

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23
Q

How does an fMRI work?

A

When a radio frequency magnetic pulse is applied, protons are perturbed. This creates a brief faint signal (the MR signal) that is detected by the radio frequency coils in the MRI system. When the signal is turned off, the protons release their energy and the fMRI can detect this electromagnetic signal. The signal coming from hydrogen nuclei varies in strength depending on the surroundings. Now we can discriminate between grey matter, white matter and cerebral spinal fluid in parts of the brain.

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24
Q

Density of _____ is much greater in ________ matter.

A

protons; grey

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25
Q

If blood is more ________ signal is slightly stronger.

A

oxygenated

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26
Q

In fMRI, we see that areas of the brain that are ________ tend to receive higher levels of _________ blood.

A

more active; oxygenated

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27
Q

What is the basis for fMRI?

A

blood-oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) effect

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28
Q

When neural activity increases, ______ also increases (about 1%)

A

MR signal

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29
Q

fMRI data analyzed to identify brain areas where MR signal has a matching pattern of change. ok? ok.
Also know that fMRI requires huge data sets.

A

repeat it

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30
Q

What are some limitations of fMRI?

A
  • Expensive
  • Person must be completely
    still
  • Cannot be used with
    patients who have metallic
    devices
  • Small sample sizes - lots of
    variability
  • High level of false positives
  • Lack of independent
    replication of experiments
  • Poor temporal resolution
  • Huge data sets
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31
Q

Electrophysiology measures _______

A

spike trains (action potentials)

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32
Q

Connectivity Maps capture ______________ between brain regions

A

correlated patterns of activity

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33
Q

The map of neural connections in the brain

A

connectome

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34
Q

Whats a method to make tissue transparent

A

acrylamide-based hydrogels

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35
Q

Whats (3) done with post-mortem tissue to make it transparent?

A
  • Lipid content is removed, proteins and nucleic acids remain intact
  • Requires a transparent scaffolding (made of acrylamide)
  • Stabilized with formaldehydes
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36
Q

Immunostaining provides…..

A

contrast for imaging

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37
Q

Deep brain stimulation (DBS)

A
  • Invasive procedure
  • Electrodes are implanted in your brain to modulate neuronal activity
    –* Successful results for Parkinson’s
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38
Q

How does Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) work?

A
  • Capacitor sends electric current to coil, which generates a magnetic field
    Magnetic field propagates through the layers of scalp and skull altering the electrical activity (oscillations) of cortical neurons
  • With a modest level of stimulation, the neurons fire
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39
Q

What is Optogenetics?

A

Using light to control the activity of neurons that have been genetically modified to respond to light

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40
Q

The neurons are modified using different types of_______ resulting in _____________ to be inserted into the
____________.

A

viruses; light sensitive opsin ; cell membrane

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41
Q

Viruses are used to transfect neurons with light
sensitive proteins called _______.

A

opsins

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42
Q

These proteins (opsins) were originally discovered in _______ & _________.

A

algae; bacteria

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43
Q

These opsin proteins respond to different_______________. Give an example of an opsin protein and what activates it.

A

wavelengths of light
Ex. ChR2 which can be turned on by 450nm blue light

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44
Q

The freshwater algea Chlamydomonas seek out places with favorable light conditions. It does this using a channel sensitive protein called channelrhodopsin

A
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45
Q

Microbial opsins can also either be __________ or ___________. Give an example of each.

A

excitatory; inhibitory
ChR2 – excitatory; eArchT3.0 & eNpHR3.0 – inhibitory

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46
Q

What happens when you shine blue light on cells that express ChR2? What happens when you shine green light on cells that express eArchT3.0 (or yellow light on eNpHR3.0 cells) ?

A

those cells will “turn on” or depolarize;
those cells will be inhibited or hyperpolarized

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47
Q

ChR2 is an ionotropic ion-channel that allows _________ to enter the cell producing an __________.

A

sodium; action potential

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48
Q

ArchT3.0 is an ion-channel that allows ________ to enter the cell,
inhibiting an ____________.

A

chloride; action potentials

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49
Q

In order to shine light on these cells in living animals, researchers give the ______________ (which can take several weeks to
express), as well as implanting an _____________ that delivers
light via a laser beam

A

viral injection; optic fiber

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50
Q

Often, opsins are fused to a ______________ like GFP or RFP.

A

fluorescent reporter

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51
Q

Give 2 examples of florescent reporters.

A

GFP and RFP

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52
Q

When you put fluorescent proteins into living cells
you can visualize their location using immunohistochemistry and fluorescence microscopy. OK?

A

ok

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53
Q

If you are interested in activating a specific type of cell (e.g., those involved in a specific experience) you can use a _____________ system.

A

Tet-on or Tet-off

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54
Q

What is main idea of the Tet-on/ Tet-off system?

A

Tetracycline-inducible expression. Using tetracycline you can control which cells you turn on and off. It is INDUCTIBLE and ACTIVITY DEPENDENT.

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55
Q

How does the Tet-on/ Tet-off system work? Describe.

A
  1. Animal is injected with virus that allows for expression of TRE (tetracycline response element).
    - When tetracycline is NOT present: tTA can bind to TRE and cause the expression of the light sensitive opsins (like ChR2 and the fused fluorescent reporter GFP)
    - When tetracycline IS present: tTA is blocked from binding to TRE so nothing is expressed
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56
Q

The neuronal tagging system is activity-dependent because the entire sequence is driven by the gene ________ , which
means any cell that expresses it, now expresses ChR2 & GFP (presuming no tetracycline / doxycycline present)

A

c-Fos

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57
Q

The neuronal marker of activity is ________.

A

(c-Fos) a promoter

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58
Q

When you resume animal’s diet containing tetracycline (DOX), the tagging window ________ - no additional cells will express the opsin or the reporter

A

closes.

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59
Q

One of the great things about Optogenetics is that it provides precision down to the _____________.

A

millisecond

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60
Q

____________ has been useful in learning how the brain compensates when a certain pathway or subset of cells is not accessible.

A

Optogenetics

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61
Q

Since the effects of Optogenetics are ________ (immediately upon light removal) we can use ______________ in comparing light-off and light-on epochs

A

reversible; within-subject designs

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62
Q

Why is Optogenetics “artificial stimulation”

A

we are stimulating all the cells at once and not mimicking the temporal sequence with which cells are activated

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63
Q

In in vitro studies, illumination is relatively _______, as the light path is not obstructed.
However, attaining sufficient illumination to activate optogenetic systems in vivo can be challenging. Various molecules and structures in tissues scatter, absorb, and reflect light differently, which leads to large variations in _______________.

A

easy; light penetration

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64
Q

What is the most significant factor diminishing light penetration in biological tissues?

A

Scattering

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65
Q

__________ wavelengths scatter more. Therefore, the tissue penetration of __________(blue/red) is low compared to ____________(blue/red).

A

Shorter; blue; red

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66
Q

Main determining factor for scattering is the ______________ in the area, as cell nuclei scatter light much more than axons and dendrites.

A

density of cells

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67
Q

Optogenetics has:
1. Furthered the fundamental scientific understanding of how __________________________________________.

A

certain cell types contribute to the function of biological tissues;

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68
Q

Optogenetics has:
2. Identified many _____________ in vivo important for a wide variety of behaviors.

A

neural circuits

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69
Q

Optogenetics has:
3. Led to a variety of clinical insights. Give examples of these clinical insights.

A

anxiety, retinal disorders, memory impairments, Parkinson’s disease

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70
Q

What does DREADDS stand for in Chemogenetics?

A

Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs

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71
Q

What are DREADDs and what do they do?

A

They are modified G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR)
—-> interacts with previously unrecognized, biologically inert, small molecule chemical actuators drug —-> results in increase/decrease of neural activity

72
Q

DREADDS is _______ than optogenetics.

A

slower

73
Q

*A primary difference between DREADDs and optogenetics is the degree of ___________________________ in controlling neuronal activity. DREADDs are ideally suited for ___________ modulation

A

degree of temporal specificity; prolonged

74
Q

Current techniques, such as in vivo electrophysiology, can record neural activity with spike-timed precision, but they cannot localize the activity of large populations of individual cells or identify cell types.
______________ enables visualization of activity of hundreds of neurons simultaneously using fluorescent activity sensors

A

Ca2+ imaging

75
Q

_________ is a green fluorescent Genetically Encoded
Calcium Indicator (GECI).
It contains a _____________ residue which binds __________.
This causes a __________________ when Ca2+ is bound.

A

GCaMP ;
CaM (calmodulin)
Ca2+
Conformational change

76
Q

In In vivo Ca2+ imaging:
Changes in ______________ indicate fluctuations in ________________, which is an indirect indicator of neural activity

A

fluorescence; intracellular Ca2+

77
Q

In which technique does an indicator get excited by a light source and hence emits its own light?

A

Fiber photometry

78
Q

When an ___________ is bound to a ligand it emits more light than when unbound (change in fluorescence). The recorded result is a trace of _____________ sensitive to the amount of ligand present for your indicator which increases in a way that correlates with action potentials in target neurons

A

indicator; relative fluorescence

79
Q

In Fiber Photometry, the recorded result is a trace of relative fluorescence which is sensitive to the amount of _______ present for your ________ which increases in a way that correlates with action potentials in target neurons

A

ligand; indicator

80
Q

In _______________, the recorded result is a trace of relative fluorescence which is sensitive to the amount of ligand present for your indicator which increases in a way that correlates with __________________________.

A

Fiber Photometry; action potentials in target neurons

81
Q

What are the 3 aspects of cognitive control?

A

Working memory, response inhibition, relational reasoning

82
Q

Working memory, Response inhibition, and Relational reasoning are all examples of ________ functions.

A

executive

83
Q

During adolescence, you are likely to increase _________ and have a greater sensitivity to ______________.

A

risk-taking; peer group influence

84
Q

Increased risk-taking and higher sensitivity to peer group influence are mostly ______________, in that they stimulate learning and contribute to mature social functioning. However, it can also become _____________, such as resulting in drug abuse.

A

adaptive; maladaptive

85
Q

During a Working Memory task, adults show more activation in the __________________cortex & ___________________cortex compared to children.

A

lateral prefronal cortex ; posterior parietal cortex

86
Q

!What 2 regions of the brain are important for Working memory?

A

Frontal and Parietal regions

87
Q

!What part of the brain (a gyrus) is important for inhibitory control?

A

Right Inferior Frontal Gyrus

88
Q

!Complex cognitive control & relational reasoning relies on the _____________________ cortex.

A

Anterior Prefrontal Cortex

89
Q

Ravens Progressive Matrices is a test administered to measure ____________ reasoning.

A

relational

90
Q

!Value of reward: ventromedial_________, PCC (what does this stand for) , Ventral_____________.

A

PFC; posterior cingulate cortex; striatum

91
Q

There’s more activity in an adolescent’s Insula and Dorsomedial PFC which are involved in ________________.

A

level of risk

92
Q

Functional coupling of the striatum and the OFC are linked to _____________.

A

risky behavior

93
Q

The Lateral Prefrontal Cortex is involved in _______________. Whereas the Ventral Striatum is involved in ______________________.

A

delayed reward; immediate reward

94
Q

Face processing abilities increase during adolecense.
There is an increased functional connectivity between the Fusiform Gyrus (related to ___________) and the Superior Temporal Sulcus (related to_____________)

A

identity/recognizing faces; emotional context

95
Q

Understanding the mental state of others is _____________.

A

mentalizing

96
Q

The Temporoparietal junction (TPJ), superior temporal sulcus (STS) & dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) are all involved in ______________. With age, you see less activation of ___________.

A

mentalizing; dmPFC

97
Q

!The ability to change structurally (anatomically) in response to a mismatch between capacity (supply) and environmental demands is called

A

plasticity

98
Q

!Functional capacity based on existing functional supply is called

A

flexibility

99
Q

The birth of new neurons

A

neurogenesis

100
Q

T/F:
Adult neurogenesis still occurs, but at lower levels than in development.

A

true

101
Q

T/F:
In early development, neuronal loss doesn’t occur.

A

false, many neurons undergo apoptosis in early development

102
Q

The formation of new synapses is called _________. The elimination of synapses is called __________.

A

synaptogenesis; pruning

103
Q

The peak number of synapses in the brain is reached ______________(in adolecense/adulthood/postnatally).

A

postnatally

104
Q

Myelination mostly takes place____________ (prenatally/ postnatally).

A

postnatally

105
Q

Loss of myelin is associated with the degenerative disorder _____________.

A

MS

106
Q

T/F:
Brain development is effected by prenatal AND postnatal factors.

A

true

107
Q

During a Working Memory task, adults show more activation in the __________________cortex & ___________________cortex compared to children.

A

lateral prefrontal cortex; posterior parietal cortex

108
Q

4 interconnected cavities are called what

A

ventricles

109
Q

The Protective membranes of the brain are called

A

meninges

110
Q

Grey matter is composed of ____________
White matter is composed of _____________.

A

neuronal cell bodies; axons (myelin)

111
Q

Axons are organized into tracts or bundles. Cross
hemispheric projections are called _______________.
(e.g., main one: corpus callosum)

A

commissures

112
Q

The medulla houses ____________. The Medulla is responsible for respiration, heart rate, and arousal.

A

cranial nerves.

113
Q

The ______ is the connection between the brain & cerebellum. Sensory info passes through here. It also modulates pain.

A

Pons

114
Q

The ___________ contains 2/3 of the neurons in the brain. And is important for balance & posture.

A

Cerebellum

115
Q

The ________ contains periaqueductal gray (PAG) which is important for responding to threat; modulates pain, fear & anxiety.

A

midbrain

116
Q

The __________ contains superior and inferior colliculi.
________________ locating and orienting toward auditory stimuli.
________________ is for perceiving objects in the periphery and orienting our gaze directly toward them, bringing them into sharper view.

A

Midbrain; Inferior Colliculus; Superior Colliculus

117
Q

The ________ is like the “Grand Central Station” of the brain. All sensory info (except olfactory) relay in here before heading to primary cortical sensory areas.

A

Thalamus

118
Q

The ____________ is the floor of 3rd ventricle. It is the main link between the nervous system & endocrine system. Its crucial for hormone production/control and circadian rhythms.

A

Hypothalamus

119
Q

What is responsible for anxiety, stress, fear, sex drive, thirst, and hunger.

A

hypothalamus

120
Q

Name this gland.
Produces hormones –> blood circulation –> influence many behaviors

A

Pituitary gland

121
Q

Limbic System:
The classical limbic system was first discovered by ________
Papez believed the limbic system was important for ___________.
When you think Amygdala, OFC, and Basal ganglia, think ______________.

A

Thomas Willis
Emotion
Paul McLean

122
Q

What is the functions of the limbic system?
Fun fact: it is the most capable of ____________

A

Memory, emotion, social information, motivation, as well as Pain, smell/taste
* Most capable of plasticity

123
Q

!What 2 parts make up the basal ganglia’s striatum

A

Caudate nucleus & Putamen

124
Q

What are the functions of the basal ganglia? Recieves inputs from ______ & _______ areas and is important for ___________ learning. Dopamine circuits!

A

sensory ; motor ; Reward-based learning

125
Q

In the Cerebral cortex, the “crevices” are called __________ and the “crowns” are called _______. This folding helps bring structures closer together.

A

sulci ; gyri

126
Q

What are the 3 different types of glial cells?

A

Astrocytes, microglial cells, and oligodendrocytes

127
Q

Astrocytes create the _______________

A

blood brain barrier

128
Q

What do Microglial cells (Phagocytes) do?

A

remove damaged cells

129
Q

Glial cells proliferate, unlike most _________.

A

neurons

130
Q

_________ receive input from other neurons. They also do arborization.

A

dendrites

131
Q

At the end of a axon terminal you have voltage gated ______ channels.

A

Ca2+

132
Q

The resting membrane potential is ________

A

-70mV

133
Q

Ion channels are _______ transport, they go ______ the electrochemical or
concentration gradient.

A

passive ; with

134
Q

Ion pumps are _______ transport, they go _______ concentration gradient. They pump ____ in and ______ out.

A

Active; against ; (2 K+ ; 3 Na+ )

135
Q

Membrane potential depends on _________ & __________.

A

gradients; permeability

136
Q

EPSPs- makes the cell more likely to fire an action potential by ________ the cell. _______ ions are coming in.
IPSP- inhibiting an action potential from occurring causes ______________. ________ ions are coming in.

A

depolarizes ;Sodium
hyperpolarized; Chloride

137
Q

Voltage-gated Sodium ion channels are densely found at the _____________and the nodes of Ranvier.

A

axon hillock

138
Q

If summation results in membrane potential moving from -70 to ____mV
(threshold of excitation), then action potential triggered – neuron is
___________ - all or none phenomenon

A

-55; depolarized

139
Q

At depolarization, _____ flows into the cell rapidly. At peak action potential +30mV those gates close and __________ gates open allowing a rush of potassium out of the cell. The cell returns to a negative resting potential. Na+ gates are closed, but since K+ gates stay open, cell becomes
________. When the cell overshoots to about -80mV its called the ______________ .

A

Na+;K+;hyperpolarized; refractory period

140
Q

______________period: no action potentials can be generated. Followed by a relative refractory period – only large __________currents can trigger
an action potential.

A

Absolute refractory period; depolarizing

141
Q

Synaptic transmission triggers

A

exocytosis

142
Q

!What are the 2 types of post-synaptic receptors:

A
  1. Ligand-gated ion channels (Ionotropic /fast)
  2. G protein-coupled receptors (Metabotropic / slow)
143
Q

Explain how synaptic transmission occurs with Ionotropic receptors.

A
  • A neurotransmitter binds
    -Causes conformational change
  • changes channel permeability
  • closes or opens the channel
144
Q

Flexibility is working with what you already have. Whereas plasticity is creating new (anatomical) connections.
Ex. Losing a limb. Plasticity would be like growing a limb. Whereas inventing a prosthetic would be a “flexible response” to losing a limb.

A

eee

145
Q

Be able to describe neurogenesis. Read and review the page that was about the video (page of terms)

A
146
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

motor, dopamine reward pathways

147
Q

Explain how synaptic transmission occurs with Metabotropic receptors.

A
  • Neurotransmitter binds to GPCR (metabotropic receptor)
    -This activates the G-protein
    -the g protein can interact with ion channels directly causing them to open or close
    -However, g protein activation results in the conversion of ATP to cAMP which acts as a 2nd messenger
  • 2nd messenger triggers a signaling cascade
148
Q

DREADDS are an example of _____________ receptors.

A

GPCR

149
Q

Types of Neurotransmitters

A

Amino acids ex. glutamate, GABA
Biogenic amines – e.g., dopamine, norepinephrine
Acetylcholine (Ach) – own class
Neuropeptides (strings of amino acids) – e.g., Oxytocin

150
Q

Ca2+ triggers excoctosis of vesicles containing neurotransmitters. The binding of these neurotransmitters to the postsynaptic neuron changes the __________. These post synaptic poetntials can be either ___________ (depolarizes) or ___________ (hyperpolarizes).

A

membrane potential; excitatory ; inhibitory

151
Q

When an animal is going to be involved in an experiment, the review is carried out by_________________.

A

Animal Ethics Committee (AEC)

152
Q

What are the considerations (STAMP)

A

-Standard Operating Protocols (SOPs)
-The definition of harm
-Animal user protocol
-Minimum number of animals
-Procedures

153
Q

What are the 3 R’s?

A

Reduce- the number of animals needed to the minimum
Refine- tests to cause the animals the least amount of stress
Replace- the usage of animals when possible

154
Q

She is a prominent proponent for the humane treatment of livestock for
slaughter

A

Temple Grandin

155
Q

Founder(s) of clinical and cognitive neuroscience. Also coined the term “neurology” connected brain (abnormalities) and behavior (autopsies).

A

Anne Green & Thomas Willis

156
Q

Believing the mind and the brain are the same thing (Thales, Aristotle, Ancient Egyptians)

A

monism

157
Q

Believing the brain (Body) and Mind were separate (Descartes)

A

DUALISM

158
Q

________ believed in Modularity. They were a Phrenologist! Modularity claimed that brain functions could be pinpointed to a singular & specific region in the brain.

A

Joseph Gall

159
Q

In contrast to Modularity, __________ believed in the connectome. uwu.They created the Aggregate Field Theory, which said the whole brain participates in behavior, as opposed to being localized to precise parts.

A

Marie Flourens

160
Q

Marc Dax (sounds like he’s choking)

A

Speech impairments

161
Q

John Hughlings Jackson

A

epilepsy

162
Q

Paul Broca

A

Aphasia, can understand language but speech is impaired

163
Q

Operant conditioning (positive/negative, reinforcement/punishment)

A

skinner

164
Q

Biochemistry, anatomy, electrophysiology, pharmacology and behavior…First person to describe the circuitry of the PFC in relation to working memory

A

Patricia Goldman-Rakic

165
Q

Syncytium, the brain is a continuous mass that shares cytoplasm

A

Camillo Golgi

166
Q

Neurons are discrete entities, came up with the Neuron Doctrine:

A

Ramon Y Cajal

167
Q

Believed electrical current is a medium for information
transfer in the brain, not a byproduct of activity

A

Hermann Von Helmholtz

168
Q

Coined the term “synapse

A

Sir Charles Sherrington

169
Q

They realized learning & memory could be studied empirically
* The forgetting curve
* The spacing effect

A

Hermann Ebbinghaus

170
Q

Believed rewarding stimulus —> causes response—> overtime forms a habit

A

Edward Thorndike

171
Q

Characterized 52 area’s of the brain

A

Korbinian Brodmann

172
Q

!Has alternating gray and white matter. Its a nucleus that’s involved in vision..

A

lateral genticulate nuclei (LGN)

173
Q

Believed that learning has a biological basis…. “Cells that fire together wire together” DuH!

A

Donald Hebb

174
Q

He highly influenced computation neuroscience and AI. DM me for an NFT!
Visual system, cerebellum, hippocampus and memory.

A

David Marr

175
Q

These 2 believed in cognition, not just behavior.

A

Brenda Milner; George Miller

agony (3 decks)

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