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Medical Terminology > Miscellaneous > Flashcards

Miscellaneous Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

aneurysm

A

local widening of an artery caused by weakness in the arterial wall or beakdown of the wall from atherosclerosis

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2
Q

angina

A

chest pain caused by decreased blood flow to heart muscle, also called angina pectoris

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3
Q

arrhythmia

A

abnormal heartbeat (rhythm); fibrillation and flutter are examples

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4
Q

atherosclerosis

A

hardening of arteries with a collection of cholesterol-like plaque

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5
Q

congestive heart failure

A

inability of the heart to pump its required amount of blood, blood accumulates in the lungs, causing pulmonary adena

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6
Q

hypertension

A

high blood pressure

  • essential has no apparent cause
  • 2ndry is is caused by another illness
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7
Q

myocardial infarction

A

heart attack

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8
Q

shock

A

group of signs and symptoms indicating poor oxygen supply to tissues and insufficient return of blood to the heart

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9
Q

angiography

A

recording (via x-ray images) blood vessels after the injection of contrast into the bloodstream

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10
Q

cardiac catheterization

A

introducing a catheter into a coronary blood vessels to measure pressure and flow patterns of blood

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11
Q

cardiac enzyme tests

A

measurements of enzymes released into the bloodstream after a heart attack

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12
Q

doppler ultrasound

A

measuring blood flow in vessels via sound waves

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13
Q

echocardiography

A

images of the heart are produced using sound waves

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14
Q

electrocardiography

A

recording electricity flowing through the heart

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15
Q

holter monitoring

A

detection of abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) that involves having a patient wear a compact version of an electrocardiograph for 24hrs

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16
Q

lipid tests

A

measurements of cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the blood

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17
Q

lipoprotein tests

A

measurements of HDL and LDL in the blood

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18
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

producing an image, by beaming magnetic waves at the heart, that gives detailed information about congenital heart disease, cardiac masses, and disease within the large blood vessels

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19
Q

MUGA scan

A

imaging the motion of the heart wall muscles and assessing the function of the heart via a multiple-gated acquisition scan, which uses radioactive chemicals

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20
Q

positron emission tomography (PET) scan

A

radioactive chemicals, which release radioactive particles, are injected into the bloodstream and travel to the heart, cross-sectional images show the flow of blood and the functional activity of the heart muscle

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21
Q

stress test

A

an electrocardiogram plus blood pressure and heart rate measurements shows the heart’s response to physical exertion (treadmill test)

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22
Q

technetium Tc 99m sestamibi scan

A

radioactive pharmaceutical is injected intravenously to show perfusion of blood in heart muscle, it is taken up in the area of a myocardial infarction

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23
Q

Thallium-201 scan

A

radioactive test that shows where injected thallium-201 localizes in the heart muscle

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24
Q

cardiac catheter ablation

A

flexible tube is threaded through blood vessels into the heart to ablate (destroy) abnormal tissue that causes arrhythmias

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25
Q

cardioversion

A

brief discharges of electricity passing across the chest to stop a cardiac arrhythmia, also called defibrillation

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26
Q

coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)

A

vessels are taken from the patient’s legs or chest are connected to coronary arteries to make detours around blockages

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27
Q

endarterectomy

A

surgical removal of the innermost lining of an artery to remove fatty deposits and clots

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28
Q

heart transplantation

A

donor heart is transferred to a recipient

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29
Q

percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)

A

a balloon-tipped catheter is threaded into a coronary artery to compress fatty deposits and open the artery
-stents create wider openings that make the recurrence of blockages less likely, also called balloon angioplasty

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30
Q

thrombolytic therapy

A

drugs are injected into a patient’s bloodstream to dissolve clots that may cause a heart attack
-ex: tPA and streptokinase

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31
Q

cholelithiasis

A

abnormal condition of gallstones

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32
Q

cirrhosis

A

chronic disease of the liver with degeneration of liver cells

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33
Q

colonic polyposis

A

condition in which polyps protrude from the mucous membrane lining the colon

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34
Q

diverticulosis

A

abnormal condition of small pouches or sacs (diverticula) in the wall of the intestine (often the colon)
-diverticulitis is inflammation and infection

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35
Q

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

A

a condition in which contents of the stomach flow back into the esophagus

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36
Q

hepatitis

A

inflammation of the liver

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37
Q

inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

A

inflammation of the terminal portion of the ileum (Crohn disease) or inflammation of the colon (ulcerative colitis)

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38
Q

irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

A

signs and symptoms are cramping, abdominal bloating, constipation, and diarrhea

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39
Q

hepatocellular carcinoma

A

cancer (primary) of the liver

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40
Q

jaundice

A

yellow-orange coloration of the skin and other tissues, from high levels of bilirubin in the bloodstream (hyperbilirubinemia)

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41
Q

abdominal computed tomography (CT)

A

series of cross-sectional x-ray images that show abdominal organs

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42
Q

abdominal ultrasonography

A

beaming sound waves into the abdomen to produce images of organs
-endoscopic ultrasonography is useful to detect enlarged lymph nodes and tumors in the upper abdomen

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43
Q

cholangiography

A

x-ray examination of the bile ducts after the injection of contrast material through the liver (percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography) or through a catheter from the mouth, esophagus, and stomach (endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography)

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44
Q

hemoccult test

A

feces are placed on paper containing the chemical guaiac, which reacts with hidden blood

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45
Q

anastomosis

A

surgical creation of an opening between two gastrointestinal organs

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46
Q

acromegaly

A

enlargement of extremities caused by hypersection from the anterior portion of the pituitary gland after puberty

47
Q

cushing syndrome

A

group of clinical features produced by excess of secretion of cortisol from the adrenal cortex
-signs include obesity, moon-like face, hyperglycemia, osteoporosis

48
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

disorder of the pancreas that causes an increase in blood glucose levels

  • type 1 diabetes with onset usually in childhood, involves complete deficiency of insulin in the body
  • type 2 diabetes with onset usually in adulthood, involves some insulin deficiency and resistance of tissues to the action of insulin
49
Q

goiter

A

enlargement of the thyroid gland

50
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

overactivity of the thyroid

-also called Graves disease or exophthalmic (eyeballs bulge outwards) goiter

51
Q

amenorrhea

A

absence of menstrual flow

52
Q

dysmenorrhea

A

painful menstrual flow

53
Q

ectopic pregnancy

A

pregnancy (gestation) that is not in the uterus

-usually occurs in fallopian tubes

54
Q

endometriosis

A

tissue from the inner lining of the uterus (endometrium) is found abnormally in other pelvic or abdominal locations

55
Q

fibroids

A

benign tumors in the uterus

-also called leiomyoma

56
Q

menorrhagia

A

excessive discharge of blood from the uterus during menstruation

57
Q

pelvic inflammatory disease

A

inflammation (often cause by bacterial infection) in the region of the pelvis
-also called salpingitis

58
Q

amniocentesis

A

surgical puncture of the amnion

59
Q

aspiration

A

withdrawal of fluid from a cavity or sac

-fluid is analyzed for the presence of malignant cells

60
Q

conization

A

removal of a wedged-shaped section (cone) of the cervix for biopsy

61
Q

hysterosalpingography

A

x-ray imaging of the breast

62
Q

dilation and curettage (D&C)

A

widening of the opening of the cervix and scraping of the lining of the uterus to remove tissue and stop prolonged or heavy uterine bleedinh

63
Q

mononucleosis

A

acute infectious disease with enlargement of lymph nodes and increased numbers of lymphocytes and monocytes in the bloodstream

64
Q

sarcoidosis

A

inflammatory disease in which small nodules, or tubercles, form in lymph nodes and other organs

65
Q

ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay)

A

test to screen for antibodies to HIV

66
Q

Western nlot test

A

blood test to detect the presence of antibodies to specific antigens
-regarded as a more precise test than the ELISA

67
Q

benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

A

noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland

68
Q

cryptorchism

A

condition of undescended testis

-testis is not in the scrotal sac at birth

69
Q

hydrocele

A

sac of clear fluid (swelling) in the scrotum

70
Q

prostatic carcinoma

A

cancer of the prostate gland

71
Q

testicular carcinoma

A

malignant tumor of the testis

72
Q

varicocele

A

enlarged, swollen veins near a testicle

73
Q

prostate-specific antigen (PSA)

A

measurement of the amount of PSA in the blood

74
Q

orchiopexy

A

surgical fixation of an undescended testicle in a young male infant

75
Q

transurethral resection of the prostate gland (TURP)

A

removal of the portions of the prostate gland with an endoscope inserted into the urethra
-photoselective vaporization of the prostate (GreenLight PVP) is a newer technique that uses a laser to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia

76
Q

ankylosing spondylitis

A

chronic, progressive arthritis with stiffening (ankylosis) of joints
-primarily of the spine and hip

77
Q

carpal tunnel syndrome

A

compression of the median nerve as it passes between the ligament and the bones and tendons of the wrist

78
Q

gouty arthritis

A

inflammation of joints caused by excessive uric acid

-also called gout

79
Q

muscular dystrophy

A

an inherited disorder characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of muscle fibers

80
Q

osteoporosis

A

decrease in bone density with thinning and weakening of bone

81
Q

rheumatoid arthritis

A

chronic inflammation of joints; pain, swelling, and stiffening
-especially in the small joints of the hands and feet

82
Q

antinuclear antibody (ANA) test

A

sample of plasma is tested for the presence of antibodies found in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus

83
Q

arthrocentesis

A

surgical puncture to remove fluid from a joint

84
Q

arthrography

A

x-ray imaging of a joint

85
Q

bone density test

A

low energy x-rays are used to image bones in the spinal column, pelvis, and wrist to detect areas of bone deficiency
-also called bone density scanning, dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), or bone densitometry

86
Q

bone scan

A

radioactive substance injected intravenously and its uptake in bones is measured with a special scanning device

87
Q

erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

A

measurement of the rate at which red blood cells fall to the bottom of a test tube
-high sedimentation rates are associated with inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis

88
Q

uric acid test

A

measurement of the amount of urid acid (nitrogenous waste) in a sample of blood
-high uric acid levels are associated with gouty arthritis

89
Q

laminectomy

A

removal of a piece of backbone (lamina) to relieve pressure on nerves from a herniated disc

90
Q

microscopic disectomy

A

surgical removal of a herniated intervertebral disc with an incision that is 1 to 2 inches long and visualization of the surgical field with an operating microscope

91
Q

glioblastoma

A

malignant brain tumor arising from glial cells

92
Q

hemiplagia

A

paralysis that affects the right or the left half of the body

93
Q

paraplegia

A

paralysis that affects the lower portion of the body

94
Q

syncope

A

fainting, sudden and temporary loss of consciousness as a result of inadequate flow of blood to the brain

95
Q

stereotactic radiosurgery

A

nonsurgical type of radiation therapy used to treat abnormalities and small tumors of the brain
-also called Cybernife

96
Q

transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulations (TENS)

A

battery powered device delivers stimulation to nerves to relieve acute and chronic pain

97
Q

asthma

A

spasm and narrowing of bronchi, leading to bronchial airway obstruction

98
Q

atelectasis

A

collapsed lung

99
Q

emphysema

A

hyperinflation of air sacs with destruction of alveolar walls
-type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

100
Q

hemoptysis

A

spitting up of blood

101
Q

hemothorax

A

blood from the respiratory tract in the pleural cavity

102
Q

pneumoconiosis

A

abnormal condition of dust in the lungs

103
Q

pneumonia

A

abnormal condition of the lungs marked bu inflammation and collection of infected material in the air sacs

104
Q

tuberculosis

A

infectious and inflammatory disease caused by bacteria

105
Q

pulmonary angiography

A

x-ray images are taken of the blood vessels in the lung after injection of contrast into a blood vessel

106
Q

pulmonary function test (PFT)

A

measurement of the ventilation of the lungs

107
Q

glaucoma

A

fluid accumulation within the chamber at the front of the eye

108
Q

nevus

A

pigment lesion in or on the skin

-a mole

109
Q

fluorescein angiography

A

contrast is injected and the movement of blood in the back of they eye is observed
-to detect diabetic or hypertensive retinopathy and also degeneration of the macular (central) area od the retina

110
Q

slit-lamp microscopy

A

examination of the anterior eye structure (such as the cornea)

111
Q

nephrolithiasis

A

abnormal condition of stones in the kidney

112
Q

retrograde pyelogram (RP)

A

contrast material is injected through a catheter and x-ray images are taken of the urethra, bladder, and ureters

113
Q

lithotripsy

A

shock waves are beamed into a patient to crush urinary tract stones
-extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)

Medical Terminology (9 decks)

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