Miscellaneous Flashcards
aneurysm
local widening of an artery caused by weakness in the arterial wall or beakdown of the wall from atherosclerosis
angina
chest pain caused by decreased blood flow to heart muscle, also called angina pectoris
arrhythmia
abnormal heartbeat (rhythm); fibrillation and flutter are examples
atherosclerosis
hardening of arteries with a collection of cholesterol-like plaque
congestive heart failure
inability of the heart to pump its required amount of blood, blood accumulates in the lungs, causing pulmonary adena
hypertension
high blood pressure
- essential has no apparent cause
- 2ndry is is caused by another illness
myocardial infarction
heart attack
shock
group of signs and symptoms indicating poor oxygen supply to tissues and insufficient return of blood to the heart
angiography
recording (via x-ray images) blood vessels after the injection of contrast into the bloodstream
cardiac catheterization
introducing a catheter into a coronary blood vessels to measure pressure and flow patterns of blood
cardiac enzyme tests
measurements of enzymes released into the bloodstream after a heart attack
doppler ultrasound
measuring blood flow in vessels via sound waves
echocardiography
images of the heart are produced using sound waves
electrocardiography
recording electricity flowing through the heart
holter monitoring
detection of abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) that involves having a patient wear a compact version of an electrocardiograph for 24hrs
lipid tests
measurements of cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the blood
lipoprotein tests
measurements of HDL and LDL in the blood
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
producing an image, by beaming magnetic waves at the heart, that gives detailed information about congenital heart disease, cardiac masses, and disease within the large blood vessels
MUGA scan
imaging the motion of the heart wall muscles and assessing the function of the heart via a multiple-gated acquisition scan, which uses radioactive chemicals
positron emission tomography (PET) scan
radioactive chemicals, which release radioactive particles, are injected into the bloodstream and travel to the heart, cross-sectional images show the flow of blood and the functional activity of the heart muscle
stress test
an electrocardiogram plus blood pressure and heart rate measurements shows the heart’s response to physical exertion (treadmill test)
technetium Tc 99m sestamibi scan
radioactive pharmaceutical is injected intravenously to show perfusion of blood in heart muscle, it is taken up in the area of a myocardial infarction
Thallium-201 scan
radioactive test that shows where injected thallium-201 localizes in the heart muscle
cardiac catheter ablation
flexible tube is threaded through blood vessels into the heart to ablate (destroy) abnormal tissue that causes arrhythmias
cardioversion
brief discharges of electricity passing across the chest to stop a cardiac arrhythmia, also called defibrillation
coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)
vessels are taken from the patient’s legs or chest are connected to coronary arteries to make detours around blockages
endarterectomy
surgical removal of the innermost lining of an artery to remove fatty deposits and clots
heart transplantation
donor heart is transferred to a recipient
percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)
a balloon-tipped catheter is threaded into a coronary artery to compress fatty deposits and open the artery
-stents create wider openings that make the recurrence of blockages less likely, also called balloon angioplasty
thrombolytic therapy
drugs are injected into a patient’s bloodstream to dissolve clots that may cause a heart attack
-ex: tPA and streptokinase
cholelithiasis
abnormal condition of gallstones
cirrhosis
chronic disease of the liver with degeneration of liver cells
colonic polyposis
condition in which polyps protrude from the mucous membrane lining the colon
diverticulosis
abnormal condition of small pouches or sacs (diverticula) in the wall of the intestine (often the colon)
-diverticulitis is inflammation and infection
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
a condition in which contents of the stomach flow back into the esophagus
hepatitis
inflammation of the liver
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
inflammation of the terminal portion of the ileum (Crohn disease) or inflammation of the colon (ulcerative colitis)
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
signs and symptoms are cramping, abdominal bloating, constipation, and diarrhea
hepatocellular carcinoma
cancer (primary) of the liver
jaundice
yellow-orange coloration of the skin and other tissues, from high levels of bilirubin in the bloodstream (hyperbilirubinemia)
abdominal computed tomography (CT)
series of cross-sectional x-ray images that show abdominal organs
abdominal ultrasonography
beaming sound waves into the abdomen to produce images of organs
-endoscopic ultrasonography is useful to detect enlarged lymph nodes and tumors in the upper abdomen
cholangiography
x-ray examination of the bile ducts after the injection of contrast material through the liver (percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography) or through a catheter from the mouth, esophagus, and stomach (endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography)
hemoccult test
feces are placed on paper containing the chemical guaiac, which reacts with hidden blood
anastomosis
surgical creation of an opening between two gastrointestinal organs
acromegaly
enlargement of extremities caused by hypersection from the anterior portion of the pituitary gland after puberty
cushing syndrome
group of clinical features produced by excess of secretion of cortisol from the adrenal cortex
-signs include obesity, moon-like face, hyperglycemia, osteoporosis
diabetes mellitus
disorder of the pancreas that causes an increase in blood glucose levels
- type 1 diabetes with onset usually in childhood, involves complete deficiency of insulin in the body
- type 2 diabetes with onset usually in adulthood, involves some insulin deficiency and resistance of tissues to the action of insulin
goiter
enlargement of the thyroid gland
hyperthyroidism
overactivity of the thyroid
-also called Graves disease or exophthalmic (eyeballs bulge outwards) goiter
amenorrhea
absence of menstrual flow
dysmenorrhea
painful menstrual flow
ectopic pregnancy
pregnancy (gestation) that is not in the uterus
-usually occurs in fallopian tubes
endometriosis
tissue from the inner lining of the uterus (endometrium) is found abnormally in other pelvic or abdominal locations
fibroids
benign tumors in the uterus
-also called leiomyoma
menorrhagia
excessive discharge of blood from the uterus during menstruation
pelvic inflammatory disease
inflammation (often cause by bacterial infection) in the region of the pelvis
-also called salpingitis
amniocentesis
surgical puncture of the amnion
aspiration
withdrawal of fluid from a cavity or sac
-fluid is analyzed for the presence of malignant cells
conization
removal of a wedged-shaped section (cone) of the cervix for biopsy
hysterosalpingography
x-ray imaging of the breast
dilation and curettage (D&C)
widening of the opening of the cervix and scraping of the lining of the uterus to remove tissue and stop prolonged or heavy uterine bleedinh
mononucleosis
acute infectious disease with enlargement of lymph nodes and increased numbers of lymphocytes and monocytes in the bloodstream
sarcoidosis
inflammatory disease in which small nodules, or tubercles, form in lymph nodes and other organs
ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay)
test to screen for antibodies to HIV
Western nlot test
blood test to detect the presence of antibodies to specific antigens
-regarded as a more precise test than the ELISA
benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland
cryptorchism
condition of undescended testis
-testis is not in the scrotal sac at birth
hydrocele
sac of clear fluid (swelling) in the scrotum
prostatic carcinoma
cancer of the prostate gland
testicular carcinoma
malignant tumor of the testis
varicocele
enlarged, swollen veins near a testicle
prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
measurement of the amount of PSA in the blood
orchiopexy
surgical fixation of an undescended testicle in a young male infant
transurethral resection of the prostate gland (TURP)
removal of the portions of the prostate gland with an endoscope inserted into the urethra
-photoselective vaporization of the prostate (GreenLight PVP) is a newer technique that uses a laser to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia
ankylosing spondylitis
chronic, progressive arthritis with stiffening (ankylosis) of joints
-primarily of the spine and hip
carpal tunnel syndrome
compression of the median nerve as it passes between the ligament and the bones and tendons of the wrist
gouty arthritis
inflammation of joints caused by excessive uric acid
-also called gout
muscular dystrophy
an inherited disorder characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of muscle fibers
osteoporosis
decrease in bone density with thinning and weakening of bone
rheumatoid arthritis
chronic inflammation of joints; pain, swelling, and stiffening
-especially in the small joints of the hands and feet
antinuclear antibody (ANA) test
sample of plasma is tested for the presence of antibodies found in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
arthrocentesis
surgical puncture to remove fluid from a joint
arthrography
x-ray imaging of a joint
bone density test
low energy x-rays are used to image bones in the spinal column, pelvis, and wrist to detect areas of bone deficiency
-also called bone density scanning, dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), or bone densitometry
bone scan
radioactive substance injected intravenously and its uptake in bones is measured with a special scanning device
erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
measurement of the rate at which red blood cells fall to the bottom of a test tube
-high sedimentation rates are associated with inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis
uric acid test
measurement of the amount of urid acid (nitrogenous waste) in a sample of blood
-high uric acid levels are associated with gouty arthritis
laminectomy
removal of a piece of backbone (lamina) to relieve pressure on nerves from a herniated disc
microscopic disectomy
surgical removal of a herniated intervertebral disc with an incision that is 1 to 2 inches long and visualization of the surgical field with an operating microscope
glioblastoma
malignant brain tumor arising from glial cells
hemiplagia
paralysis that affects the right or the left half of the body
paraplegia
paralysis that affects the lower portion of the body
syncope
fainting, sudden and temporary loss of consciousness as a result of inadequate flow of blood to the brain
stereotactic radiosurgery
nonsurgical type of radiation therapy used to treat abnormalities and small tumors of the brain
-also called Cybernife
transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulations (TENS)
battery powered device delivers stimulation to nerves to relieve acute and chronic pain
asthma
spasm and narrowing of bronchi, leading to bronchial airway obstruction
atelectasis
collapsed lung
emphysema
hyperinflation of air sacs with destruction of alveolar walls
-type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
hemoptysis
spitting up of blood
hemothorax
blood from the respiratory tract in the pleural cavity
pneumoconiosis
abnormal condition of dust in the lungs
pneumonia
abnormal condition of the lungs marked bu inflammation and collection of infected material in the air sacs
tuberculosis
infectious and inflammatory disease caused by bacteria
pulmonary angiography
x-ray images are taken of the blood vessels in the lung after injection of contrast into a blood vessel
pulmonary function test (PFT)
measurement of the ventilation of the lungs
glaucoma
fluid accumulation within the chamber at the front of the eye
nevus
pigment lesion in or on the skin
-a mole
fluorescein angiography
contrast is injected and the movement of blood in the back of they eye is observed
-to detect diabetic or hypertensive retinopathy and also degeneration of the macular (central) area od the retina
slit-lamp microscopy
examination of the anterior eye structure (such as the cornea)
nephrolithiasis
abnormal condition of stones in the kidney
retrograde pyelogram (RP)
contrast material is injected through a catheter and x-ray images are taken of the urethra, bladder, and ureters
lithotripsy
shock waves are beamed into a patient to crush urinary tract stones
-extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)
