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Pharmacology Test 3 > miscellaneous > Flashcards

miscellaneous Flashcards

1
Q

Saw Palmetto: class

A
  • BPH agent
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2
Q

Saw Palmetto: MOA

A
  • Exerts antiandrogenic, anti-inflammatory, and antiproliferative properties in prostate tissue resulting in improvement in BPH symptoms
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3
Q

Saw Palmetto: Indications

A
  • taken to relieve urinary symptoms assoc with BPH
    • takes 1-2 mos to develop effects
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4
Q

Saw Palmetto: SEs

A
  • n/v
  • constipation
  • headache
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5
Q

Saw Palmetto: nursing implications

A
  • contraindications: pregnancy, breast feeding
  • take on a full stomach
  • does not alter size of prostate, but can relieve symptoms of BPH
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6
Q

St. John’s Wort:class

A
  • anti-depressant
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7
Q

St. John’s Wort: MOA

A
  • can dec uptake of serotonin, NE, and dopamine
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8
Q

St. John’s Wort: Indications

A
  • mild to moderate depression
  • topically to manage local infection
  • orally to relieve pain and inflammation
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9
Q

St. John’s Wort: SEs

A
  • allergic skin rxns
  • CNS effects: insomnia, vivid dreams, restlessness, anxiety, agitation, irritability
  • GI discomfort
  • dry mouth
  • phototoxicity
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10
Q

St. John’s Wort: nursing implications

A
  • do not consume grapefruit juice
  • to reduce risk of phototoxicity, light skinned ppl should avoid exposure to sun, wear protective clothing, apply sunscreen
  • do not use alcohol
  • May potentiate effect of sedatives and side effects of other antidepressants.
  • take for 4-6 wks and if no improvement, try other therapy
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11
Q

glucosamine: class

A
  • anti-rheumatic
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12
Q

glucosamine: MOA

A
  • stimulating cartilage and synovial tissue metabolism
  • stimulates activity of chondrocytes to make cartilage and synovial fluid
  • suppress production of cytokines that mediate joint inflammation
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13
Q

glucosamine: indications

A
  • osteoarthritis of knee, hip, and wrist
  • TMJ arthritis
  • glaucoma
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14
Q

glucosamine: SEs

A
  • GI: nausea, heartburn
  • headache
  • drowsiness
  • skin rxns
  • hyperglycemia
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15
Q

glucosamine: nursing implications

A
  • contraindicated with a shellfish allergy and in pregnancy
  • produced from shellfish exoskeleton so should be used in caution with pts with a shellfish allergy
  • take prior to meals
  • monitor glucose
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16
Q

Coenzyme Q-10: class

A
  • antioxidant
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17
Q

Coenzyme Q-10: MOA

A
  • important for mitochondrial ATP generation
  • highest concentrations are found in the heart, liver, kidney, and pancreas
  • potent anti-oxidant
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18
Q

Coenzyme Q-10: indications

A
  • HF and muscle injuury
    • caused by HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins)
  • mitochondrial encephalomyopathy
  • muscular dystrophy
  • immune stimulant in HIV infection
  • Parkinson’s dz
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19
Q

Coenzyme Q-10: SEs

A
  • GI disturbances: gastritis, reduced appetite, nausea, diarrhea
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20
Q

Coenzyme Q-10: nursing implications

A
  • may antagonize effects of warfarin
  • drugs that inhibit synthesis of cholesterol can also inhibit synthesis of CoQ-10 and cause endogenous levels of CoQ-10 to drop
  • Administer with a meal containing fat for optimal absorption.
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21
Q

ACTH: class

A
  • polypeptide hormone produced by the anterior pituitary
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22
Q

ACTH: MOA

A
  • acts on adrenal cortex to stimulate production and release of adrenocortical hormones (ie. cortisol, aldosterone)
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23
Q

ACTH: indications

A
  • diagnosis of adrenocortical dysfunction
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24
Q

ACTH: SEs

A
  • HTN
  • weight gain
  • irritability
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25
Q

ACTH: ADRs

A
  • diabetes
  • skin rxns
  • suppression of the immune system
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26
Q

ACTH: nursing implications

A
  • Routine monitoring of blood, urine, and blood pressure
  • monitor blood glucose
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27
Q

enoxaparin: class

A
  • antithrombotic
  • low molecular weight heparin
  • anti-coagulant
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28
Q

enoxaparin: MOA

A
  • Potentiates the inhibitory effect of antithrombin on factor Xa and thrombin.
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29
Q

enoxaparin: indications

A
  • prevention of DVT following hip/knee replacement surgery or in abdominal surgery in pts at high risk of thromboembolic complications
  • preventing ischemic complications in pts with angina, MI, STEMI
30
Q

enoxaparin: SEs

A
  • erythema at injection site
  • bleeding
  • anemia
  • hematoma
  • osteoporosis
  • pruritus
  • rash
31
Q

enoxaparin: ADRs

A
  • hemorrhage
  • thrombocytopenia
  • severe neurologic injury: paralysis
32
Q

enoxaparin: nursing implications

A
  • antidote: protamine sulfate
  • report symptoms of abnormal bleeding
  • do not take aspirin or ibuprofen
  • can be used at home and do not require PTT monitoring
33
Q

epinephrine: class

A
  • adrenergic agonist of alpha 1/2, beta 1/2
  • anti-asthma
  • bronchodilator
  • catecholamine
34
Q

epinephrine: MOA

A
  • sympathomimetic
  • on alpha Rs–vasoconstriction
35
Q

epinephrine: indications on alpha 1 receptors

A
  • vasoconstriction
  • delay absorption of local anethetics
  • control superficial bleeding
  • elevate BP
36
Q

epinephrine: indications on beta 1 receptors

A
  • overcome AV heart block
  • restore cardiac fcn in pts in cardiac arrest with v fib, pulseless v tach, pulseless electrical activity, asystole
37
Q

epinephrine: indications on beta 2 receptors

A
  • bronchodilation of pts with asthma
38
Q

epinephrine: indication due to activation of both alpha and beta receptors

A
  • anaphylactic shock
39
Q

epinephrine: SEs

A
  • angina
  • hyperglycemia
40
Q

epinephrine: ADRs

A
  • HTN crisis
  • dysrhythmias
  • necrosis following extravasation
41
Q

epinephrine: nursing implications

A
  • exercise caution when administering IV b/c can cause extravasation
  • monitor blood glucose
  • monitor EKG
  • administer 2 for anaphylaxis
  • effects of epi can be modified by MAO inhibitors, TCAs, anesthetics, adrenergic blocking agents
42
Q

norepinephrine: class

A
  • adrenergic agonist
  • works on alpha 1/2, beta 1
  • catecholamine
  • vasopressor
43
Q

norepinephrine: MOA

A
  • Stimulates alpha-adrenergic receptors located mainly in blood vessels, causing constriction of both capacitance and resistance vessels.
  • Also has minor beta-adrenergic activity (myocardial stimulation).
44
Q

norepinephrine: indications

A
  • hypotensive state
  • cardiac arrest
45
Q

norepinephrine: SEs

A
  • angina
46
Q

norepinephrine: ADRs

A
  • HTN crisis
  • dysrhythmias
  • necrosis following extravasation
47
Q

norepinephrine: nursing implications

A
  • effects of NE can be modified by MAO inhibitors, TCAs, anesthetics, adrenergic blocking agents
  • exercise caution when administering IV b/c can cause extravasation
48
Q

fludrocortisone: class

A
  • mineralocorticoid
49
Q

fludrocortisone: MOA

A
  • suppresses glucocorticoid activity
  • acts like aldosterone
    • holds onto Na to hold onto water
50
Q

fludrocortisone: indications

A
  • primary adrenal insufficiency
  • primary hypoaldosteronism
  • CAH
    • **most times you should use it with a glucocorticoid
51
Q

fludrocortisone: SEs

A
  • dizziness
  • headache
  • adrenal suppression
  • weight gain
  • muscle weakness
52
Q

fludrocortisone: ADRs

A
  • excess salt and water retained and K+ lost
  • inc blood volume
  • HTN
  • edema
  • cardiac enlargement
  • hypokalemia
  • HF
53
Q

fludrocortisone: nursing implications

A
  • monitor weight, BP, K+ levels
  • carry medic alert information
54
Q

glucagon: class

A
  • polypeptide hormone produced by alpha of the pancreas
55
Q

glucagon: MOA

A
  • has effects on carb metabolism that are opposite those of insulin
    • acts on liver and muscles
  • promotes breakdown of glycogen to glucose, reduces conversion of glucose to glycogen, and stimulates synthesis of glucose
    • causes plasma glucose to rise
  • promotes relaxation of GI smooth muscle
56
Q

glucagon: indications

A
  • severe hypoglycemia
  • antidote to beta blockers, CCBs
57
Q

glucagon: SEs

A
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • hypotension
58
Q

glucagon: ADRs

A
  • anaphylaxis
59
Q

glucagon: nursing implications

A
  • monitor blood glucose
  • if available, use IV glucose instead of glucagon to raise blood sugar b/c it works faster than glucagon
    • glucagon takes 20 min or so
  • cannot correct hypoglycemia caused by starvation b/c it acts by breakdown of glycogen
60
Q

bupropion: class

A
  • antidepressant
  • smoking deterrent
61
Q

buproprion: MOA

A
  • stimulant
  • blockade of dopamine/NE reuptake
62
Q

bupropion: indications

A
  • major depressive disorder
  • prevention of seasonal affective disorder
  • smoking cessation
  • unlabeled use: relief of neuropathic pain, tx of depressive disorders in bipolar, mgmt of ADHD
63
Q

bupropion: SEs

A
  • agitation
  • headache
  • dry mouth
  • constipation
  • weight loss
  • photosensitivity
  • tremor
  • insomnia
  • blurred vision
  • inc sexual desire
  • psychotic symptoms: hallucinations, delusions
64
Q

bupropion: ADRs

A
  • suicide risk in children, adolescents, young adults
  • seizures
65
Q

bupropion: nursing implications

A
  • contraindicated: seizure disorders, breast feeding
  • exercise extreme caution in children b/c of inc risk of suicide
  • to reduce risk of seizures:
    • avoid doses above 450 mg/day
    • avoid in pts with other seizure risk factors
  • avoid bedtime doses b/c can cause insomnia
  • for SAD: Begin administration in autumn prior to the onset of depressive symptoms. Continue therapy through winter and begin to taper and discontinue in early spring.
  • may need to take for at least 4 weeks to see effects
  • Inform patient that frequent mouth rinses, good oral hygiene, and sugarless gum or candy may minimize dry mouth.
  • use sunscreen and protective clothing to prevent photosensitivity reactions.
66
Q

buspirone: class

A
  • anxiolytic drug
  • anti-anxiety
67
Q

buspirone: MOA

A
  • NOT a CNS depressant
  • binds with high affinity to receptors for serotonin and with lower affinity to receptors for dopamine
68
Q

buspirone: indication

A
  • generalized anxiety disorder
69
Q

buspirone: SEs

A
  • dizziness
  • nausea
  • headache
  • nervousness
  • sedation
  • lightheadedness
  • excitement
  • fatigue
  • blurred vision
  • tachycardia
  • angina
  • rashes
  • myalgia
  • numbness
  • paresthesia
  • clamminess
70
Q

buspirone: nursing implications

A
  • contraindicated: hepatic/renal impairment
  • no withdrawal symptoms noticed
  • do not consume grapefruit juice
  • no abuse potential and does not intensify the effectsof CNS depressants (benzos, alcohol, barbiturates)
  • effects take weeks to appear
    • so NOT suitable for PRN use
  • can take with food
71
Q

buspirone and benzodiazepines

A
  • buspirone is an attractie alternative to benzos in pts who require long term therapy but cannot tolerate benzo induced sedation
  • buspirone doesn’t display cross dependence with benzos
  • so, when pts are switched from a benzo to buspirone, the benzo must be tapered slowly
    • since the effects of buspirone are delayed, buspirone should be initiated 2-4 weeks before beginning benzo withdrawal

Pharmacology Test 3 (10 decks)

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