Miscellaneous 2 Flashcards
Neutrophil activators
LTB4 C5a Above- upregulate integrins IL8 Above- transmigration and chemotaxis
Bacterial products
Gastric adenocarcinoma
Risk factors
For intestinal type only
H pylori
Nitrosamines
Blood type A
Plummer Vinson syndrome
Fe deficiency anemia, esophageal web (upper), atrophic and red glossitis
Assoc with squamous cell carcinoma
Omphalomesenteric cyst
Cystic dilation of vitelline duct
Pancreas
Ventral bud
Dorsal bud
Ventral - main pancreatic duct, uncinate process, inferior part of head
Ventral is central
Dorsal pancreatic bud - body, tail, isthmus
Fuse in the 8th week of life
Opsonins
C3b
IgG
Antacids
Hypokalemia
Aloh3 - constipation, proximal muscle weakness
Caco3 - Chelates tetracycline, can cause rebound acid
Mgoh2 - diarrhea, hyporeflexia, must go to the bathroom
Gardener syndrome
Fap + fibromatosis + osteomas + hypertrophy of retinal pigment
Think gardeners have calloused hands
Peutz Jeghers syndrome
AD
Hamartomatous polyps in gi tract
Mucocutaneous hyperpigmentation
Increased risk for colorectal, breast, and gyn cancers
Pelvic nerve
S2-4
External anal sphincter - defecation reflex
Rokitansky-aschoff sinus formation
Chronic cholecystitis
Charcots triad
Associated with ascending cholangitis
= jaundice, fever, RUQ
Paracrine of gi tract
Somatostatin
Histamine
Chemoreceptor trigger zone
Area postrema at base of 4th ventricle
Rich in serotonin, dopamine, and ach receptors
Metoclopramide
d2 antagonist
increases resting tone, contractility
Used in diabetic and post op gastroparesis, anti-emetic
Causes diarrhea
Contraindicated in Sbo and Parkinson’s
Chronic gastritis type a –> cancer
Gastric adenocarcinoma (diffuse type)
Triple therapy
Used for chronic gastritis due to h pylori
Clarithromycin
Azithromycin
Ppl
Chronic gastritis type b –> cancer
Malt B cell lymphoma
So think type b - B cell
Right supraclavicular node
Drains lungs
Celiacs associated with
Dermatitis herpetiformis
Sulfasalazine
Sulfapyridine - antibacterial
Anti-inflam - 5-aminosalicyclic acid
Used for colitis - *UC, crohns
Side effect- oligospermia
Cimetidine
Inhibitor of cyp-450
Anti-androgen effects - gynecomastia, impotence
Crosses BBB and placenta
Deceased renal excretion of cr
PPIs
Irreversible
Decreased serum mg2+
Misoprostol
Prost analog
Abortifacient
Orlistat
Inhibits gastric and pancreatic lipase
Weight loss med
Lactulose
Osmotic laxative - lactulose broken down into lactic and acetic acids, promote NH4 excretion
Used in hepatic encephalopathy
Ocreotide
Somatostatin analog, inhibits vasoconstriction
Used in acute variceal bleeds, acromegaly, VIPoma, carcinoid tumor
Catalase pos orgs
S aureus P cepacia - MPO deficiency S marcescens Nocardia Aspergillus
Lactose fermenters
Klebsiella pneumo
Enterobacter cloacae
Serratia marcesans
E. coli
Pink colonies on MacConkey agar
Viruses with segmented genomes
Flu Rotavirus Orthomyxoviruses Reoviruses Bunyaviruses Arenaviruses
Undergo reassortment - genetic SHIFT
Fomepizole
Inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase - 1st enzyme in alcohol metabolism, cytoplasm
Used in methanol poisoning
Glycolysis RLS
And regulators
Phosphofructokinase 1
adds p to glucose 6 phosphate –> fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
Regulated + by amp, frucoste-2,6-bisphosphate
Regulated - by atp, citrate
Where does fatty acid synthesis take place?
Fatty acid, steroid, and cholesterol synthesis takes place in cytoplasm
Takes place in both cytoplasm and mito
HUGs take two
Heme synthesis, urea cycle, gluconeogenesis
Counterregulatory hormones
Glucagon
Catecholamines
GH
Cortisol
Insulin sensitive transporters
Glut4
Located on skeletal muscle and adipose tissue
RLS of TCA
Isocitrate dehydrogenase
Which converts Isocitrate to a-ketoglutarate
+ADP
-ATP and NADH
B1 involved in which enzyme reactions
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
A-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
Transketolases (for nadph production)
Branched amino acid dehydrogenase
Growth amino acids
Arginine and histidine
Aas in histones
Arg and lysine
Fabry dz
Lysosomal storage dz XL - females have delayed dz A-galactosidase, ceramide trihexoside Acroparasthesias Angiokeratomas Renal dz (FH of renal failure in men) Think FAbraaay
Gaucher dz
Lysosomal storage dz Most common, adult onset Glucocerebrosidase Pancytopenia Aseptic avascular necrosis Gaucher cells Increased in a jews
Smear findings
Niemman-pick
No man picks his nose with his sphinger Lysosomal storage dz Progressive neurodegeneration HSM Cherry red spot on macula
Similar to tay sachs, increased in a jews
Mucopolysaccharidoses
j
Tay Sachs dz
Lysosomal storage dz
Cherry red spot on macula –> blindness, no HSM
Increased startle reflex
Increased in a jews
Krabbe dz
Lysosomal storage dz
Galactocerebrosidase, acc galactocerebroside and psychosine
Peripheral neuropathy, developmental delay, optic atrophy, globoid cells
Lots of neuro findings - mr krab is crazy
Metachromatic leukodystrophy
Lysosomal storage dz
Arylsulfatase A, acc of cerebroside sulfate
Central and peripheral demyelination with ataxia, dementia
what inhibits GH secretion
glucose, somatomedins (feedback on hypothalamus –> stimulate somatostatin production –> binds to Gi on ant pit), obesity, pregnancy, b-adrenergic agonists, GH
isoniazid
single-agent prophylaxis in patients exposed to active TB
adverse effects of INH include hepatitis, P-450 inhibition, neuropathy, hemolysis in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient patients, and a lupus-like syndrome
hunger center of the brain
lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus
ventromedial center - satiety
posterior hypothalamus
heat conservation center of brain
bilateral lesions lead to poikilothermia, in which the body temperature varies with the environment
metformin
biguanide
acts like insulin:
1) stimulates glycolysis in peripheral tissues
2) decreases hepatic gluconeogenesis
3) increases insulin sensitivity in the periphery
note it has no effect on insulin secretion - less likely to cause hypoglycemia
Na+ disturbance
low: nausea, malaise, stupor, coma, *seizures
high: irritability, stupor, coma
K+ disturbance
low: U waves on EKG (small replorization after T wave), flattened T waves, arrhythmias, muscle spasm
high: wide QRS, peaked T waves, arrthythmias, muscle weakness
Mg2+
low: tetany, torsads**, hypokalemia
high: depressed DTRs, lethargy, bradycardia, hypotension, cardiac arrest, hypocalcemia
PO3-,4
low: bone loss, osteomalacia (adults), rickets (kids)
high: renal stones, metastatic calcifications, hypocalcemia
Pioglitazone
thiazolidinedione
increases insulin sensitivity - binds to PPAR
increased risk for urinary bladder cancer
alkylating agents, benzene
associated with leukemia
filgrastim
G-CSF - used to treat neutropenia after chemo or bone marrow transplant
