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Step 1 > Miscellaneous 2 > Flashcards

Miscellaneous 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Neutrophil activators

A 
LTB4
C5a
Above- upregulate integrins
IL8
Above- transmigration and chemotaxis

Bacterial products

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2
Q

Gastric adenocarcinoma

Risk factors

A

For intestinal type only
H pylori
Nitrosamines
Blood type A

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3
Q

Plummer Vinson syndrome

A

Fe deficiency anemia, esophageal web (upper), atrophic and red glossitis
Assoc with squamous cell carcinoma

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4
Q

Omphalomesenteric cyst

A

Cystic dilation of vitelline duct

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5
Q

Pancreas
Ventral bud
Dorsal bud

A

Ventral - main pancreatic duct, uncinate process, inferior part of head
Ventral is central

Dorsal pancreatic bud - body, tail, isthmus

Fuse in the 8th week of life

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6
Q

Opsonins

A

C3b

IgG

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7
Q

Antacids

A

Hypokalemia
Aloh3 - constipation, proximal muscle weakness

Caco3 - Chelates tetracycline, can cause rebound acid

Mgoh2 - diarrhea, hyporeflexia, must go to the bathroom

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8
Q

Gardener syndrome

A

Fap + fibromatosis + osteomas + hypertrophy of retinal pigment

Think gardeners have calloused hands

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9
Q

Peutz Jeghers syndrome

A

AD
Hamartomatous polyps in gi tract
Mucocutaneous hyperpigmentation
Increased risk for colorectal, breast, and gyn cancers

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10
Q

Pelvic nerve

A

S2-4

External anal sphincter - defecation reflex

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11
Q

Rokitansky-aschoff sinus formation

A

Chronic cholecystitis

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12
Q

Charcots triad

A

Associated with ascending cholangitis

= jaundice, fever, RUQ

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13
Q

Paracrine of gi tract

A

Somatostatin

Histamine

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14
Q

Chemoreceptor trigger zone

A

Area postrema at base of 4th ventricle

Rich in serotonin, dopamine, and ach receptors

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15
Q

Metoclopramide

A

d2 antagonist

increases resting tone, contractility

Used in diabetic and post op gastroparesis, anti-emetic

Causes diarrhea

Contraindicated in Sbo and Parkinson’s

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16
Q

Chronic gastritis type a –> cancer

A

Gastric adenocarcinoma (diffuse type)

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17
Q

Triple therapy

A

Used for chronic gastritis due to h pylori

Clarithromycin
Azithromycin
Ppl

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18
Q

Chronic gastritis type b –> cancer

A

Malt B cell lymphoma

So think type b - B cell

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19
Q

Right supraclavicular node

A

Drains lungs

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20
Q

Celiacs associated with

A

Dermatitis herpetiformis

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22
Q

Sulfasalazine

A

Sulfapyridine - antibacterial

Anti-inflam - 5-aminosalicyclic acid

Used for colitis - *UC, crohns
Side effect- oligospermia

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25
Q

Cimetidine

A

Inhibitor of cyp-450
Anti-androgen effects - gynecomastia, impotence
Crosses BBB and placenta
Deceased renal excretion of cr

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26
Q

PPIs

A

Irreversible

Decreased serum mg2+

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27
Q

Misoprostol

A

Prost analog

Abortifacient

28
Q

Orlistat

A

Inhibits gastric and pancreatic lipase

Weight loss med

29
Q

Lactulose

A

Osmotic laxative - lactulose broken down into lactic and acetic acids, promote NH4 excretion

Used in hepatic encephalopathy

30
Q

Ocreotide

A

Somatostatin analog, inhibits vasoconstriction

Used in acute variceal bleeds, acromegaly, VIPoma, carcinoid tumor

31
Q

Catalase pos orgs

A 
S aureus
P cepacia - MPO deficiency
S marcescens
Nocardia
Aspergillus
32
Q

Lactose fermenters

A

Klebsiella pneumo
Enterobacter cloacae
Serratia marcesans
E. coli

Pink colonies on MacConkey agar

33
Q

Viruses with segmented genomes

A 
Flu
Rotavirus
Orthomyxoviruses
Reoviruses
Bunyaviruses
Arenaviruses

Undergo reassortment - genetic SHIFT

34
Q

Fomepizole

A

Inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase - 1st enzyme in alcohol metabolism, cytoplasm

Used in methanol poisoning

35
Q

Glycolysis RLS

And regulators

A

Phosphofructokinase 1

adds p to glucose 6 phosphate –> fructose 1,6-bisphosphate

Regulated + by amp, frucoste-2,6-bisphosphate

Regulated - by atp, citrate

36
Q

Where does fatty acid synthesis take place?

A

Fatty acid, steroid, and cholesterol synthesis takes place in cytoplasm

37
Q

Takes place in both cytoplasm and mito

A

HUGs take two

Heme synthesis, urea cycle, gluconeogenesis

38
Q

Counterregulatory hormones

A

Glucagon
Catecholamines
GH
Cortisol

39
Q

Insulin sensitive transporters

A

Glut4

Located on skeletal muscle and adipose tissue

40
Q

RLS of TCA

A

Isocitrate dehydrogenase
Which converts Isocitrate to a-ketoglutarate

+ADP
-ATP and NADH

41
Q

B1 involved in which enzyme reactions

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase
A-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
Transketolases (for nadph production)
Branched amino acid dehydrogenase

42
Q

Growth amino acids

A

Arginine and histidine

43
Q

Aas in histones

A

Arg and lysine

44
Q

Fabry dz

A 
Lysosomal storage dz
XL - females have delayed dz
A-galactosidase, ceramide trihexoside
Acroparasthesias
Angiokeratomas
Renal dz (FH of renal failure in men)
Think FAbraaay
45
Q

Gaucher dz

A 
Lysosomal storage dz
Most common, adult onset
Glucocerebrosidase
Pancytopenia
Aseptic avascular necrosis 
Gaucher cells
Increased in a jews

Smear findings

46
Q

Niemman-pick

A 
No man picks his nose with his sphinger
Lysosomal storage dz
Progressive neurodegeneration
HSM
Cherry red spot on macula

Similar to tay sachs, increased in a jews

47
Q

Mucopolysaccharidoses

A

j

48
Q

Tay Sachs dz

A

Lysosomal storage dz
Cherry red spot on macula –> blindness, no HSM
Increased startle reflex

Increased in a jews

49
Q

Krabbe dz

A

Lysosomal storage dz
Galactocerebrosidase, acc galactocerebroside and psychosine
Peripheral neuropathy, developmental delay, optic atrophy, globoid cells

Lots of neuro findings - mr krab is crazy

50
Q

Metachromatic leukodystrophy

A

Lysosomal storage dz
Arylsulfatase A, acc of cerebroside sulfate
Central and peripheral demyelination with ataxia, dementia

51
Q

what inhibits GH secretion

A

glucose, somatomedins (feedback on hypothalamus –> stimulate somatostatin production –> binds to Gi on ant pit), obesity, pregnancy, b-adrenergic agonists, GH

52
Q

isoniazid

A

single-agent prophylaxis in patients exposed to active TB

adverse effects of INH include hepatitis, P-450 inhibition, neuropathy, hemolysis in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient patients, and a lupus-like syndrome

53
Q

hunger center of the brain

A

lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus

ventromedial center - satiety

54
Q

posterior hypothalamus

A

heat conservation center of brain

bilateral lesions lead to poikilothermia, in which the body temperature varies with the environment

55
Q

metformin

A

biguanide
acts like insulin:
1) stimulates glycolysis in peripheral tissues
2) decreases hepatic gluconeogenesis
3) increases insulin sensitivity in the periphery

note it has no effect on insulin secretion - less likely to cause hypoglycemia

56
Q

Na+ disturbance

A

low: nausea, malaise, stupor, coma, *seizures
high: irritability, stupor, coma

57
Q

K+ disturbance

A

low: U waves on EKG (small replorization after T wave), flattened T waves, arrhythmias, muscle spasm
high: wide QRS, peaked T waves, arrthythmias, muscle weakness

58
Q

Mg2+

A

low: tetany, torsads**, hypokalemia
high: depressed DTRs, lethargy, bradycardia, hypotension, cardiac arrest, hypocalcemia

59
Q

PO3-,4

A

low: bone loss, osteomalacia (adults), rickets (kids)
high: renal stones, metastatic calcifications, hypocalcemia

60
Q

Pioglitazone

A

thiazolidinedione
increases insulin sensitivity - binds to PPAR
increased risk for urinary bladder cancer

61
Q

alkylating agents, benzene

A

associated with leukemia

62
Q

filgrastim

A

G-CSF - used to treat neutropenia after chemo or bone marrow transplant

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