Miscellaneous Flashcards

1
Q

name 4 co-morbidities which relate to increase fat mass

A

osteoarthritis, back pain, sleep apnoea, asthma

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2
Q

MOA of orlistat

A

lipase inhibitor - blocks the absorption of dietary fat

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3
Q

name the 2 restrictive types of bariatric surgery

A

gastric banding, sleeve gastrectomy

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4
Q

what type of bariatric surgery is both restrictive and malabsorptive

A

gastric bypass

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5
Q

what is the most effective long term intervention for obesity

A

bariatric surgery

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6
Q

what is required for T1DM remission

A

glucose control without the need for exogenous insulin -» islet transplantation

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7
Q

what is required for T2DM remission

A

improved glucose control (<48) without the use of medication

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8
Q

what is critical appraisal

A

interpreting conflicting conclusions in the literature to obtain consensus, ultimately to inform guidelines

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9
Q

what are the 6 patterns of monogenetic inheritance

A

autosomal dominant
autosomal recessive
mitochondrial
Y-linked
X-linked dominant and recessive

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10
Q

what do loss of function mutations typically result from

A

non-sense, frameshift or splice site mutations

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11
Q

what are in-frame indels

A

result in gain or losses of amino acids, amino acid substitutions or generation of premature top codons or defects in splicing

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12
Q

what are out of frame indels

A

typically result in frameshift changes that frequently result in premature truncation of the encoded protein

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13
Q

what is the outcome of single nucleotide variants

A

missense, nonsense or splice site alteration

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14
Q

what would we use to image the pituitary gland

A

MRI

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15
Q

what would we use to image the thyroid gland

A

CT or US

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16
Q

what is the thyroid gland anterior to

A

the trachea and oesophagus

17
Q

what is the thyroid medial to

A

common carotid arteries and internal jugular veins

18
Q

what can thyroid US be combined with

A

fine needle aspiration

19
Q

thyroid scintigraphy result in graves disease

A

Homogenously increased tracer uptake

20
Q

thyroid scintigraphy result in thyroiditis

A

Homogenously reduced tracer uptake

21
Q

what would be used to image the adrenal glands

22
Q

what is the standard for assessing overall glucose control

23
Q

what is the HbA1C target for patients with diabetes

24
Q

what are the 3 main types of glucose monitoring

A

SMBG
continuous glucose monitoring
flash glucose monitoring

25
sick day rules for insulin (3)
don't stop taking insulin even if you aren't eating - infections can raise blood glucose increase fluid intake monitor blood glucose more frequently
26
what are confounding variables
a variable related to the exposure and the outcome but is not an intermediary variable between the exposure and the outcome
27
name the 2 main types of cohort studies
prospective and retrospective
28
what is the most important in supporting weight loss in individuals with T2DM
Overall energy reduction with emphasis on overall nutritional quality of the diet
29
Current guidelines recommend prioritising what percentage weight loss in individuals living with type 2 diabetes who are overweight or obese?
5%
30
Which diet and/or lifestyle factors would you consider discussing with individuals at high risk of type 2 diabetes?
weight reduction increasing dietary fibre intake decreasing total fat intake increasing physical activity