Miscellaneous

Question 1

name 4 co-morbidities which relate to increase fat mass

Answer 1

osteoarthritis, back pain, sleep apnoea, asthma

Question 2

MOA of orlistat

Answer 2

lipase inhibitor - blocks the absorption of dietary fat

Question 3

name the 2 restrictive types of bariatric surgery

Answer 3

gastric banding, sleeve gastrectomy

Question 4

what type of bariatric surgery is both restrictive and malabsorptive

Answer 4

gastric bypass

Question 5

what is the most effective long term intervention for obesity

Answer 5

bariatric surgery

Question 6

what is required for T1DM remission

Answer 6

glucose control without the need for exogenous insulin -» islet transplantation

Question 7

what is required for T2DM remission

Answer 7

improved glucose control (<48) without the use of medication

Question 8

what is critical appraisal

Answer 8

interpreting conflicting conclusions in the literature to obtain consensus, ultimately to inform guidelines

Question 9

what are the 6 patterns of monogenetic inheritance

Answer 9

autosomal dominant
autosomal recessive
mitochondrial
Y-linked
X-linked dominant and recessive

Question 10

what do loss of function mutations typically result from

Answer 10

non-sense, frameshift or splice site mutations

Question 11

what are in-frame indels

Answer 11

result in gain or losses of amino acids, amino acid substitutions or generation of premature top codons or defects in splicing

Question 12

what are out of frame indels

Answer 12

typically result in frameshift changes that frequently result in premature truncation of the encoded protein

Question 13

what is the outcome of single nucleotide variants

Answer 13

missense, nonsense or splice site alteration

Question 14

what would we use to image the pituitary gland

Answer 14

MRI

Question 15

what would we use to image the thyroid gland

Answer 15

CT or US

Question 16

what is the thyroid gland anterior to

Answer 16

the trachea and oesophagus

Question 17

what is the thyroid medial to

Answer 17

common carotid arteries and internal jugular veins

Question 18

what can thyroid US be combined with

Answer 18

fine needle aspiration

Question 19

thyroid scintigraphy result in graves disease

Answer 19

Homogenously increased tracer uptake

Question 20

thyroid scintigraphy result in thyroiditis

Answer 20

Homogenously reduced tracer uptake

Question 21

what would be used to image the adrenal glands

Answer 21

CT or MRI

Question 22

what is the standard for assessing overall glucose control

Answer 22

HbA1C

Question 23

what is the HbA1C target for patients with diabetes

Answer 23

< 53

Question 24

what are the 3 main types of glucose monitoring

Answer 24

SMBG
continuous glucose monitoring
flash glucose monitoring

Question 25

sick day rules for insulin (3)

Answer 25

don’t stop taking insulin even if you aren’t eating - infections can raise blood glucose
increase fluid intake
monitor blood glucose more frequently

Question 26

what are confounding variables

Answer 26

a variable related to the exposure and the outcome but is not an intermediary variable between the exposure and the outcome

Question 27

name the 2 main types of cohort studies

Answer 27

prospective and retrospective

Question 28

what is the most important in supporting weight loss in individuals with T2DM

Answer 28

Overall energy reduction with emphasis on overall nutritional quality of the diet

Question 29

Current guidelines recommend prioritising what percentage weight loss in individuals living with type 2 diabetes who are overweight or obese?

Answer 29

5%

Question 30

Which diet and/or lifestyle factors would you consider discussing with individuals at high risk of type 2 diabetes?

Answer 30

weight reduction
increasing dietary fibre intake
decreasing total fat intake
increasing physical activity