Miscellaneous Flashcards
name 4 co-morbidities which relate to increase fat mass
osteoarthritis, back pain, sleep apnoea, asthma
MOA of orlistat
lipase inhibitor - blocks the absorption of dietary fat
name the 2 restrictive types of bariatric surgery
gastric banding, sleeve gastrectomy
what type of bariatric surgery is both restrictive and malabsorptive
gastric bypass
what is the most effective long term intervention for obesity
bariatric surgery
what is required for T1DM remission
glucose control without the need for exogenous insulin -» islet transplantation
what is required for T2DM remission
improved glucose control (<48) without the use of medication
what is critical appraisal
interpreting conflicting conclusions in the literature to obtain consensus, ultimately to inform guidelines
what are the 6 patterns of monogenetic inheritance
autosomal dominant
autosomal recessive
mitochondrial
Y-linked
X-linked dominant and recessive
what do loss of function mutations typically result from
non-sense, frameshift or splice site mutations
what are in-frame indels
result in gain or losses of amino acids, amino acid substitutions or generation of premature top codons or defects in splicing
what are out of frame indels
typically result in frameshift changes that frequently result in premature truncation of the encoded protein
what is the outcome of single nucleotide variants
missense, nonsense or splice site alteration
what would we use to image the pituitary gland
MRI
what would we use to image the thyroid gland
CT or US
what is the thyroid gland anterior to
the trachea and oesophagus
what is the thyroid medial to
common carotid arteries and internal jugular veins
what can thyroid US be combined with
fine needle aspiration
thyroid scintigraphy result in graves disease
Homogenously increased tracer uptake
thyroid scintigraphy result in thyroiditis
Homogenously reduced tracer uptake
what would be used to image the adrenal glands
CT or MRI
what is the standard for assessing overall glucose control
HbA1C
what is the HbA1C target for patients with diabetes
< 53
what are the 3 main types of glucose monitoring
SMBG
continuous glucose monitoring
flash glucose monitoring
sick day rules for insulin (3)
don’t stop taking insulin even if you aren’t eating - infections can raise blood glucose
increase fluid intake
monitor blood glucose more frequently
what are confounding variables
a variable related to the exposure and the outcome but is not an intermediary variable between the exposure and the outcome
name the 2 main types of cohort studies
prospective and retrospective
what is the most important in supporting weight loss in individuals with T2DM
Overall energy reduction with emphasis on overall nutritional quality of the diet
Current guidelines recommend prioritising what percentage weight loss in individuals living with type 2 diabetes who are overweight or obese?
5%
Which diet and/or lifestyle factors would you consider discussing with individuals at high risk of type 2 diabetes?
weight reduction
increasing dietary fibre intake
decreasing total fat intake
increasing physical activity
