Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
what is the diencephalon
A
posterior part of the forebrain, forms central core of cerebrum
2
Q
what does the diencephalon consist of
A
the thalamus and hypothalamus
3
Q
what is the pituitary gland connected to
A
the hypothalamus
4
Q
what connects the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland
A
the infundibulum
5
Q
what is another name for the infundibulum
A
pituitary stalk
6
Q
name the 3 main parts of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
A
- pars distalis
- pars tuberalis
- pars intermedia
7
Q
what is another name for the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
A
adenohypophysis
8
Q
what is the anterior pituitary formed from embryonically
A
from an upgrowth of rathkes pouch
9
Q
role of the anterior pituitary
A
responsible for the synthesis and release of most pituitary hormones
10
Q
name the trophic hormones produced in the anterior pituitary (4)
A
TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH
11
Q
what does it mean if a hormone is trophic
A
they stimulate other endocrine glands to produce their particular hormones
12
Q
name the non-trophic hormones produced by the anterior pituitary (2)
A
GH and prolactin
13
Q
what cells are found in the anterior pituitary
A
chromophils
14
Q
what is another name for the posterior pituitary
A
neurohypophysis
15
Q
what is the main segment of the posterior pituitary called
A
pars nervosa
16
Q
embryological origin of the posterior pituitary
A
outpouching of the third ventricular floor, derived from neuroectoderm
17
Q
where is oxytocin synthesised
A
hypothalamus
18
Q
role of the posterior pituitary
A
storage and release of ADH and oxytoxin
19
Q
histology of the posterior pituitary
A
modified glial cells and axonal processes
20
Q
what chemical class of hormone is GH
A
protein
21
Q
what chemical class of hormone is prolactin
A
peptide
22
Q
what chemical class of hormone is TSH
A
glycoprotein
23
Q
what is ACTH
A
adrenocorticotropic hormone
24
Q
what chemical class of hormone is ACTH
A
peptide
25
what chemical class of hormone is FSH
glycoprotein
26
what chemical class of hormone is LH
glycoprotein
27
what chemical class of hormone is ADH
peptide
28
what chemical class of hormone is oxytocin
peptide
29
effect of GH
promotes growth of body tissues
30
effect of prolactin
promotes milk production from mammary glands
31
effect of TSH
stimulates thyroid hormone release from thyroid
32
effect of ATCH
stimulates hormone release by adrenal cortex
33
effect of FSH
stimulates gamete production in gonads
34
effect of LH
stimulates androgen production by gonads
35
effect of ADH
stimulates water reabsorption by kidneys
36
effect of oxytocin
stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth
37
role of hypophyseal portal veins
transport hypothalamic hormones to anterior pituitary
38
where is the pituitary gland located
in the pituitary fossa of the sphenoid bone
39
what is another name for the pituitary fossa
sella turcica
40
what lies directly above the pituitary gland
the optic chiasm
41
what lies anterior to the pituitary gland
sphenoid sinus
42
which artery lies posteriorly to the pituitary gland
basilar artery
43
what forms the optic chiasm
right and left optic nerves crossing over
44
how to we usually gain access to the pituitary fossa
transsphenoidal approach
45
clinical sign of damage to the optic chiasma
bitemporal hemianopia
46
clinical signs of damage to the oculomotor nerve during pituitary surgery (2)
eye movement deficits
dilated pupil
47
clinical sign of damage to the trochlear nerve during pituitary surgery
difficulty looking inferiorly and laterally
48
clinical signs of damage to the trigeminal nerve during pituitary surgery (2)
paraesthesia of face
difficulty swallowing
49
clinical sign of damage to the abducent nerve during pituitary surgery
difficulty abducting eye
50
clinical sign of damage to the cavernous sinus during pituitary surgery
venous haemorrhage
51
clinical sign of damage to the internal carotid artery during pituitary surgery
catastrophic haemorrhage
52
clinical sign of damage to the dura mater during pituitary surgery
CSF leak
53
what are dural venous sinuses
venous channels in the dura mater that drain most of the venous blood from the cranial cavity into internal jugular veins
54
how many venous sinuses do we have
11
55
venous sinuses found on either side of the sella turcica and what they drain
cavernous sinus drains the ophthalmic veins
56
what is the diaphragma sella
tough sheet of dura mata forming roof (diaphragm) over pituitary fossa
57
what is the tentorium cerebelli
tough sheet of dura mater 'tenting' over cerebellum in posterior cranial fossa but with central gap
58
why does the tentorium cerebelli contain a central gap
to allow the brainstem to pass through it
59
where does the temporal lobe of the brain lie
in the middle cranial fossa
60
where are the platysma muscles located
immediately deep to the skin within the superficial fascia of the neck
61
what group of muscles do the platysma muscles belong to
muscles of facial expression
62
innervation of the platysma muscles
facial nerve
63
what are the carotid sheaths
tube-like bilateral compartments of deep fascia
64
where do carotid sheaths attach to
superiorly to the base of the skull
65
where are the carotid sheaths located
anterolaterally in the neck posterolateral to the thyroid gland
deep to investing fascia
66
how many strap muscles do we have
4
67
what is the thyrohyoid muscle innervated by
C1 which travels within the hypoglossal nerve
68
what are the majority of the strap muscles innervated by
ansa cervicalis of the cervical plexus
69
where does the ansa cervicalis arise from
anterior rami of C1-3
70
when during development does the thyroid gland reach its final position
7th week
71
when does thyroid gland start to develop
4th week of embryogenesis
72
what is caused by the failure of descent of the thyroid
lingual thyroid
73
what is caused by excessive descent of the thyroid gland
retrosternal location in the mediastinum
74
what is caused by the failure of regression of the thyroglossal duct
thyroglossal duct cyst
75
what does the thyroid gland consist of
2 lateral lobes connected by the isthmus
76
where does the isthmus lie
anterior to the 2nd and 3rd cartilages of the trachea
77
where do the thyroid lobes attach
to the lateral aspects of the thyroid and cricoid cartilages and the trachea
78
how to differentiate a thyroid lump
will move superiorly then inferiorly with the larynx during swallowing
79
how many parathyroid glands do we have
4
80
where are the parathyroid glands located
on the posterior surfaces of the lateral lobes of the thyroid gland
81
what is the pyramidal lobe
remnant of the thyroglossal duct
82
where does the pyramidal lobe of the thyroid gland most commonly originate from
the left lateral lobe
83
arterial supply of the thyroid gland
superior and inferior thyroid artery
84
where does the superior thyroid artery arise from
as the first branch of the external carotid artery
85
where does the inferior thyroid artery arise from
the thyrocervical trunk (branch of the subclavian artery)
86
venous drainage of the thyroid
superior, middle and inferior thyroid veins which form a venous plexus around the thyroid gland
87
where do the superior and middle thyroid veins drain into
the internal jugular vein
88
where does the inferior thyroid vein drain into
the brachiocephalic vein
89
parasympathetic nervous supply to the thyroid
vagus nerve
90
sympathetic nervous supply to the thyroid
superior, middle and inferior ganglia of the sympathetic trunk
91
lymphatic drainage of the thyroid gland
to the paratracheal and deep cervical nodes
92
where is the thyroid gland located in relation to fasia
in the pretrachial fascia
93
what sits anteriorly to the thyroid
strap muscles
94
what sits laterally to the thyroid
carotid sheath
95
what sits medially to the thyroid
trachea and oesophagus, external and recurrent laryngeal nerves
96
what nerve can be damaged during thyroid surgery
recurrent laryngeal nerves
97
how much do adrenal glands usually weigh
4-5g each
98
location of the adrenal glands
superior to the upper pole of the kidneys, retroperitoneal
99
what separates the kidneys and adrenal glands
a fascial septum
100
state the basic composition of the adrenal gland
outer cortex and central medulla
101
arterial supply to the adrenal glands
superior, middle and inferior suprarenal arteries
102
venous drainage of the adrenal glands
right adrenal vein -> inferior vena cava
left adrenal vein -> right adrenal vein -> inferior vena cava
103
name the 3 main layers of the adrenal cortex
- zona glomerulosa
- zona fasciculata
- zona reticularis
104
primary role of the zona glomerulosa
producing mineralocorticoids e.g. aldosterone
105
primary role of the zona fasciculata
production of glucocorticoids e.g. cortisol
106
primary role of the zona reticularis
produce adrenal androgens e.g. DHEA
107
what are the important cells found in the adrenal medulla
chromaffin cells
108
role of chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla
secrete catecholamines e.g. adrenaline and noradrenaline
109
what controls the secretion of catecholamines
sympathetic nervous system
110
name the 3 secretory cells in the endocrine pancreas
alpha cells, beta cells, delta cells
111
role of a cells in the endocrine pancreas
secrete glucagon which acts to increase blood glucose levels
112
role of b cells in the endocrine pancreas
secrete insulin which acts facilitate the uptake of glucose into body cells
113
role of d cells in the endocrine pancreas
secrete somatostatin which inhibits the exocrine, endocrine and CNS systems
114
what is the primary female sex organ
the ovary
115
what hormones does the ovary secrete
oestrogen and progesterone
