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endocrine > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what is the diencephalon

A

posterior part of the forebrain, forms central core of cerebrum

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2
Q

what does the diencephalon consist of

A

the thalamus and hypothalamus

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3
Q

what is the pituitary gland connected to

A

the hypothalamus

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4
Q

what connects the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland

A

the infundibulum

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5
Q

what is another name for the infundibulum

A

pituitary stalk

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6
Q

name the 3 main parts of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

A
  • pars distalis
  • pars tuberalis
  • pars intermedia
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7
Q

what is another name for the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

A

adenohypophysis

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8
Q

what is the anterior pituitary formed from embryonically

A

from an upgrowth of rathkes pouch

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9
Q

role of the anterior pituitary

A

responsible for the synthesis and release of most pituitary hormones

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10
Q

name the trophic hormones produced in the anterior pituitary (4)

A

TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH

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11
Q

what does it mean if a hormone is trophic

A

they stimulate other endocrine glands to produce their particular hormones

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12
Q

name the non-trophic hormones produced by the anterior pituitary (2)

A

GH and prolactin

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13
Q

what cells are found in the anterior pituitary

A

chromophils

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14
Q

what is another name for the posterior pituitary

A

neurohypophysis

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15
Q

what is the main segment of the posterior pituitary called

A

pars nervosa

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16
Q

embryological origin of the posterior pituitary

A

outpouching of the third ventricular floor, derived from neuroectoderm

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17
Q

where is oxytocin synthesised

A

hypothalamus

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18
Q

role of the posterior pituitary

A

storage and release of ADH and oxytoxin

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19
Q

histology of the posterior pituitary

A

modified glial cells and axonal processes

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20
Q

what chemical class of hormone is GH

A

protein

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21
Q

what chemical class of hormone is prolactin

A

peptide

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22
Q

what chemical class of hormone is TSH

A

glycoprotein

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23
Q

what is ACTH

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone

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24
Q

what chemical class of hormone is ACTH

A

peptide

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25
Q

what chemical class of hormone is FSH

A

glycoprotein

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26
Q

what chemical class of hormone is LH

A

glycoprotein

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27
Q

what chemical class of hormone is ADH

A

peptide

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28
Q

what chemical class of hormone is oxytocin

A

peptide

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29
Q

effect of GH

A

promotes growth of body tissues

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30
Q

effect of prolactin

A

promotes milk production from mammary glands

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31
Q

effect of TSH

A

stimulates thyroid hormone release from thyroid

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32
Q

effect of ATCH

A

stimulates hormone release by adrenal cortex

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33
Q

effect of FSH

A

stimulates gamete production in gonads

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34
Q

effect of LH

A

stimulates androgen production by gonads

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35
Q

effect of ADH

A

stimulates water reabsorption by kidneys

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36
Q

effect of oxytocin

A

stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth

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37
Q

role of hypophyseal portal veins

A

transport hypothalamic hormones to anterior pituitary

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38
Q

where is the pituitary gland located

A

in the pituitary fossa of the sphenoid bone

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39
Q

what is another name for the pituitary fossa

A

sella turcica

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40
Q

what lies directly above the pituitary gland

A

the optic chiasm

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41
Q

what lies anterior to the pituitary gland

A

sphenoid sinus

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42
Q

which artery lies posteriorly to the pituitary gland

A

basilar artery

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43
Q

what forms the optic chiasm

A

right and left optic nerves crossing over

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44
Q

how to we usually gain access to the pituitary fossa

A

transsphenoidal approach

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45
Q

clinical sign of damage to the optic chiasma

A

bitemporal hemianopia

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46
Q

clinical signs of damage to the oculomotor nerve during pituitary surgery (2)

A

eye movement deficits
dilated pupil

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47
Q

clinical sign of damage to the trochlear nerve during pituitary surgery

A

difficulty looking inferiorly and laterally

48
Q

clinical signs of damage to the trigeminal nerve during pituitary surgery (2)

A

paraesthesia of face
difficulty swallowing

49
Q

clinical sign of damage to the abducent nerve during pituitary surgery

A

difficulty abducting eye

50
Q

clinical sign of damage to the cavernous sinus during pituitary surgery

A

venous haemorrhage

51
Q

clinical sign of damage to the internal carotid artery during pituitary surgery

A

catastrophic haemorrhage

52
Q

clinical sign of damage to the dura mater during pituitary surgery

A

CSF leak

53
Q

what are dural venous sinuses

A

venous channels in the dura mater that drain most of the venous blood from the cranial cavity into internal jugular veins

54
Q

how many venous sinuses do we have

A

11

55
Q

venous sinuses found on either side of the sella turcica and what they drain

A

cavernous sinus drains the ophthalmic veins

56
Q

what is the diaphragma sella

A

tough sheet of dura mata forming roof (diaphragm) over pituitary fossa

57
Q

what is the tentorium cerebelli

A

tough sheet of dura mater ‘tenting’ over cerebellum in posterior cranial fossa but with central gap

58
Q

why does the tentorium cerebelli contain a central gap

A

to allow the brainstem to pass through it

59
Q

where does the temporal lobe of the brain lie

A

in the middle cranial fossa

60
Q

where are the platysma muscles located

A

immediately deep to the skin within the superficial fascia of the neck

61
Q

what group of muscles do the platysma muscles belong to

A

muscles of facial expression

62
Q

innervation of the platysma muscles

A

facial nerve

63
Q

what are the carotid sheaths

A

tube-like bilateral compartments of deep fascia

64
Q

where do carotid sheaths attach to

A

superiorly to the base of the skull

65
Q

where are the carotid sheaths located

A

anterolaterally in the neck posterolateral to the thyroid gland
deep to investing fascia

66
Q

how many strap muscles do we have

A

4

67
Q

what is the thyrohyoid muscle innervated by

A

C1 which travels within the hypoglossal nerve

68
Q

what are the majority of the strap muscles innervated by

A

ansa cervicalis of the cervical plexus

69
Q

where does the ansa cervicalis arise from

A

anterior rami of C1-3

70
Q

when during development does the thyroid gland reach its final position

A

7th week

71
Q

when does thyroid gland start to develop

A

4th week of embryogenesis

72
Q

what is caused by the failure of descent of the thyroid

A

lingual thyroid

73
Q

what is caused by excessive descent of the thyroid gland

A

retrosternal location in the mediastinum

74
Q

what is caused by the failure of regression of the thyroglossal duct

A

thyroglossal duct cyst

75
Q

what does the thyroid gland consist of

A

2 lateral lobes connected by the isthmus

76
Q

where does the isthmus lie

A

anterior to the 2nd and 3rd cartilages of the trachea

77
Q

where do the thyroid lobes attach

A

to the lateral aspects of the thyroid and cricoid cartilages and the trachea

78
Q

how to differentiate a thyroid lump

A

will move superiorly then inferiorly with the larynx during swallowing

79
Q

how many parathyroid glands do we have

A

4

80
Q

where are the parathyroid glands located

A

on the posterior surfaces of the lateral lobes of the thyroid gland

81
Q

what is the pyramidal lobe

A

remnant of the thyroglossal duct

82
Q

where does the pyramidal lobe of the thyroid gland most commonly originate from

A

the left lateral lobe

83
Q

arterial supply of the thyroid gland

A

superior and inferior thyroid artery

84
Q

where does the superior thyroid artery arise from

A

as the first branch of the external carotid artery

85
Q

where does the inferior thyroid artery arise from

A

the thyrocervical trunk (branch of the subclavian artery)

86
Q

venous drainage of the thyroid

A

superior, middle and inferior thyroid veins which form a venous plexus around the thyroid gland

87
Q

where do the superior and middle thyroid veins drain into

A

the internal jugular vein

88
Q

where does the inferior thyroid vein drain into

A

the brachiocephalic vein

89
Q

parasympathetic nervous supply to the thyroid

A

vagus nerve

90
Q

sympathetic nervous supply to the thyroid

A

superior, middle and inferior ganglia of the sympathetic trunk

91
Q

lymphatic drainage of the thyroid gland

A

to the paratracheal and deep cervical nodes

92
Q

where is the thyroid gland located in relation to fasia

A

in the pretrachial fascia

93
Q

what sits anteriorly to the thyroid

A

strap muscles

94
Q

what sits laterally to the thyroid

A

carotid sheath

95
Q

what sits medially to the thyroid

A

trachea and oesophagus, external and recurrent laryngeal nerves

96
Q

what nerve can be damaged during thyroid surgery

A

recurrent laryngeal nerves

97
Q

how much do adrenal glands usually weigh

A

4-5g each

98
Q

location of the adrenal glands

A

superior to the upper pole of the kidneys, retroperitoneal

99
Q

what separates the kidneys and adrenal glands

A

a fascial septum

100
Q

state the basic composition of the adrenal gland

A

outer cortex and central medulla

101
Q

arterial supply to the adrenal glands

A

superior, middle and inferior suprarenal arteries

102
Q

venous drainage of the adrenal glands

A

right adrenal vein -> inferior vena cava
left adrenal vein -> right adrenal vein -> inferior vena cava

103
Q

name the 3 main layers of the adrenal cortex

A
  • zona glomerulosa
  • zona fasciculata
  • zona reticularis
104
Q

primary role of the zona glomerulosa

A

producing mineralocorticoids e.g. aldosterone

105
Q

primary role of the zona fasciculata

A

production of glucocorticoids e.g. cortisol

106
Q

primary role of the zona reticularis

A

produce adrenal androgens e.g. DHEA

107
Q

what are the important cells found in the adrenal medulla

A

chromaffin cells

108
Q

role of chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla

A

secrete catecholamines e.g. adrenaline and noradrenaline

109
Q

what controls the secretion of catecholamines

A

sympathetic nervous system

110
Q

name the 3 secretory cells in the endocrine pancreas

A

alpha cells, beta cells, delta cells

111
Q

role of a cells in the endocrine pancreas

A

secrete glucagon which acts to increase blood glucose levels

112
Q

role of b cells in the endocrine pancreas

A

secrete insulin which acts facilitate the uptake of glucose into body cells

113
Q

role of d cells in the endocrine pancreas

A

secrete somatostatin which inhibits the exocrine, endocrine and CNS systems

114
Q

what is the primary female sex organ

A

the ovary

115
Q

what hormones does the ovary secrete

A

oestrogen and progesterone

endocrine (15 decks)

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