Miscallaenous Flashcards

Question

What is exponential growth

Answer 1

accelerating population growth that produces a** J - SHAPED** graph when populations are graphed vs time. It's the pattern exhibited by a population growing at its biotic potential. This occurs when there is lots of food/water, wastes get removed or recycled, no disease, lots of space, few predators

Answer 2

When the population is steadily changing, usualyl graphed as an almost completely straight line

Answer 3

animals that eat other animals, eat mainly herbivores. examples include lions, hawks, mountain lions

Answer 4

animals that eat vegetation/plants/ examples include hares, moose, etc

Answer 5

animals that eat both vegetation and meats (bears, foxes, raccoons)

Answer 6

Autotrophs/Producers are organisms that can synthesize its own food from inorganic molecules by using light (photosynthesis) or chemical energy (chemo synthesis) Ex: green algae, Cyanobacteria, plants

Answer 7

Consumers/heterotrophs are organisms that cannot synthesize its own food and must derive its nutrients from organic molecules formed by producers. Some ingest, some absorb nutrients from other organisms (animals, fungi)

Answer 8

Decomposers are organisms that obtain energy by consuming dead plant and animal matter or waste. This waste includes the feces of living organisms, dead bodies, or body parts of other organisms. Decomposers include certain kinds of fungi, bacteria, earthworms, and insects

Answer 9

They are important to the biosphere because they return organic and inorganic matter to the soil, air, and water. These materials can then be used again by producers to make new energy-rich organic molecules. Decomposers are the matter recyclers of the biosphere

Answer 10

they are more adaptable bc do not rely on only one food source, instead they eat plants and animals, allowing them to eat at many levels in the food chain

Answer 11

Location: It covers large portions of Canada, south tundra (80% of forest in Canada) Climate: It has cold winters and warm summers, moderate to high rainfall Plant life: The dominant vegetation is Coniferous trees, such as pine, spruce and fir. They keep their leaves to maximize photosynthesis all year round, thick waterproof bark, waxy cuticle and needle leaves to conserve moisture. Pyramid shape and flexible branches help shed snow. Animal life: Moose, caribou, lynx, hares, small rodents, etc Special characteristics: -its the largest biome in the world -it has very acidic soil -NL is in the boreal forest

Answer 12

Location: The prairies of North America Climate: Hot summers, cold winters, low to moderate precipitation, with warm drying winds. Plant life: grasses Animal life: Prairie dogs, deer, rattle snakes, bison Special Characteristics: -Trees cannot grow well because of the low rainfall, frequent fires, and warm drying winds -Soil is rich and very goof for farmland -grasses have extensive roots and underground stems. The roots allow them to obtain sufficient water, while the underground stems allow them to quickly grow after a fire by sending out new shoots

Answer 13

Location: South of the taiga/boreal forest, in southern Ontario, southern Quebec and parts of atlantic provinces Climate: Winter is short and moderately cold and snowy, and the summer is long, hot and humid. Moderate to high precipitation. Typically more than the boreal Plant life: The main plants are deciduous trees such as beech, oak, maple, birch and hickory. The larger leaves of broad leafed trees allows them more surface area to absorb max sunlight for photosynthesis during the longer growing season. Leaves turn color in the fall as they lose their chlorophyll are then shed in the fall to conserve moisture. Animal life: deer, chipmunks, black bears, racoons, many insects and birds Special characteristics: There is a vertical mainly stratification with respect to vegetation, that is, there are various layers in the forest from top to bottom. These layers include canopy. Understory, shrub layer, herb layer, and litter : (litter covers the forest floor and contains mainly decomposing leaves). These various plant layers provide a wide range of food and habitat for a greater diversity of birds. Insects, mammals, fungi etc…

Answer 14

Location: Northernmost regions of North America Climate: Long, cold winters (6 to 7 months) with short cool summers. Average temperature is typically below freezing. Low amounts of precipitation (most of which falls as snow). Plant life: mosses, lichens, and low stunted shrubs and bushes Animal life: arctic fox, hare, caribou, wolves, migratory birds, polar bears Special characteristics: -winters are very dark, some days have 24 hours dark and visa versa -there is permafrost - because of low temperatures. (if thawing does occur it is only in the first few meters)

Answer 15

an area of specific size used for sampling a population; often used to sample immobile organisms or those that move very little.To determine population density, calculate the sum of individuals in the quadrats (N), and then divide by the total area of the quadrats Dp=N/A

Answer 16

a long relatively narrow rectangular area or line used for sampling a population.Transects are useful when the density of a species is low, or when individual organisms are very large (such as trees). Count the number of organisms perpendicular from the transect line at a predetermined width and divide by area. Dp=N/A (density = number divide by area)

Answer 17

a method in which animals are captured, marked with a tag, collar, or band, released, and then recaptured at a later time to determine an estimate of population size. Read page 48 to see the assumptions made by this method. Total population (N) = Total number marked(M) X Size of second sample(n) / Number of recaptures(m)

Answer 18

useful when the density of a species is very low, or when individual organisms are very large

Answer 19

used to sample immobile organisms or ones that move very little

Answer 20

used when counting individuals one by one is impractical

Answer 21

Chemical control, biological control, and physical removal

Answer 22

Includes the usage of pesticides, insectisides, herbicides, and fungicides to control invasive species

Answer 23

When humans intentionally introduce natural enemies of the invasive species to combat their spread. Simply introducing predators to feed on them. (example: wasps being introduced in parts of canada to feed on weevils that destroyed canola plants

Answer 24

(manually or mechanically) for plants this could mean pulling, chopping, mowing, burning etc… or for animals this might mean flooding habitat, removing nests, trapping constructing barriers etc.. (Japanese knot weed - a bamboo like weed out competes many tree species. It is often dug up at the roots)

Answer 25

the growth pattern exhibited by a population for which growth is limited availability of resources. Population reaches a carrying capacity. shows an S-SHAPED graph when populations are graphed vs time

Answer 26

accelerating population growth that produces a J-SHAPED graph when populations are graphed vs time. It's the pattern exhibited by a population growing at its biotic potential. This occurs when there is lots of food/water, wastes get removed or recycled, no disease, lots of space, few predators

Answer 27

Temperature and precipiation

Answer 28

Multiple interconnected food chains

Answer 29

(birth rate + immigration) - (death rate + emigration)

Answer 30

Predator-prey cycle: increasing population of hares means they will eat out their food supply (vegetation) and starve and will be preyed upon more by lynx. As a result the lynx population will increase and the hare population will decrease. Hares decreasing means there will be more vegetation to eat and they will be preyed upon less by lynx. As a result lynx population decreases and hare population increases. This continues in a constant cycle. The number of predators reduces when there is less prey.

Answer 31

It describes the pattern of birth rates, death rates, and growth rates of populations over time Stage one: high birth rate and death rate, war, disease, lack of medical care and sanitation, low technology, high infant mortality, no family planning. Very poor quality of life Stage two: death rate is lower but birth rate is still very high as medical care, food production/storage and sanitation have improved, no family planning Stage three: birth rate decreases due to more family planning, better technology, and improving status for women Stage four: birth and death rate are low due to high standard of living. Widespread use of contraception and affordability of large families

Answer 32

a measure of the number of offspring produced by an organism over time

Answer 33

1. birth potential – how many are born each reproductive cycle 2. survival – how many offspring reach reproductive age 3. procreation – how often they reproduce 4. reproductive life – how many years they can reproduce for 5. Lifespan - how long they live

Answer 34

Botany: the study of plants Paleontology: the study of fossils Ecology: the study of interrelationships that exist between organisms Anatomy: the study of the internal and external parts of the body (organs, body structures) Physiology: the study of life processes such as temperature control, blood clotting, oxygen transport Genetics: the study of the heredity (how we inherit genes) Biochemistry: the study of the chemical makeup of living things Microbiology: the study of microorganisms Cell biology: the study of cells Embryology: the study of how embryos grow and develop Evolution: the study of how things change over time Taxonomy: the study of classifying living organisms Histology: the study of tissues

Answer 35

infections with parasites reduce survival, it seldom kills the host (some do). Can decrease fertility

Answer 36

the process by which cells derive energy from glucose Formula: C6H12O6 +6 O2 ——>6 CO2+ 6 H2O + energy(atp)

Answer 37

the process by which green plants and certain other organisms transform light energy into chemical energy. PLANTS ONLY Formula: 6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy→ C6H12O6 + 6O2

Answer 38

More developed countries with higher incomes have higher ecological footprints due to them having much more industries and greater populations

Answer 39

symbiotic relationship that benefits one organism and harms another. Some parasites live inside their host, while others live on the surface Example: Tapeworms are transferred from livestock to humans when people eat infected and uncooked beef or pork. The adult tapeworm's tough cuticle protects it from the digestive enzymes in the small intestine, where it attaches and absorbs nutrients. A tapeworm can lay up to 10 000 eggs a day. These eggs are shed in individual feces where they enter the environment where they can be picked up by another host. Effect on populations: infections with parasites reduce survival, it seldom kills the host (some do). Can decrease fertility

Answer 40

a symbiotic relationship that is beneficial to both organisms coral and algae: algae are photosynthetic and provide 90% of energy needs. The coral provides protection, nutrients, and carbon dioxide for photosynthesis. Example 2: Stinging ants and acacia tree: the acacia tree provides food in the form of nectar, and the ants protect the tree from herbivores Effect on populations: Some species are so dependent on each other that their survival is tightly linked

Answer 41

a symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and the other one is unaffected Example: Sharks and pilot fish: The fish swim with the shark, eating bits of his food/meals, while the shark goes unaffected by this Effect on population: Species gain valuable resources from their commensalistic relationships