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Patho > misc week 1 to respiratory > Flashcards

misc week 1 to respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

Nucleus - contains DNA and is where

A

cell repair takes place

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2
Q

A couple Cellular functions

A

movement

conductivity

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3
Q

Acidosis triggers receptors in the aorta and carotid to

A

stimulate the brain to release catecholamines (epi and norepinephrine) to start the flight or fight response

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4
Q

the building material of cell membrane and myelin sheaths

A

Cholesterol

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5
Q

Albumin is the most important plasma protein. ___ are the other two plasma proteins.

A

Fibrinogen and globulin

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6
Q

Albumin is the most important plasma protein. Fibrinogen and globulin are the other two plasma proteins. They’re made in

A

the liver.

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7
Q

Edema is when fluid goes to

A

interstitial spaces

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8
Q

Hypertonic - pulls fluid

A

toward it (into the vascular system) because its gritty

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9
Q

Hypotonic- pushes fluid

A

away (into the tissue) because it’s diluted

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10
Q

O2 is carried around the body in

A

hemoglobin

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11
Q

Exercise promotes the movement of glucose into the cells, you need less

A

insulin

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12
Q

Ischemia-

A

decreased oxygen to the tissues

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13
Q

Anoxia

A

is NO oxygen to the tissues

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14
Q

Emia means

A

blood

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15
Q

Hypoxemia

A

low O2 in the blood

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16
Q

Hypoxia

A

low O2 in the tissue

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17
Q

thrombosis

A

formation of a blood clot, known as a thrombus, within a blood vessel (it’s a type of embolism)

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18
Q

embolism

A

is the lodging of an embolus, a blockage-causing piece of material, inside a blood vessel. The embolus may be a blood clot (thrombus), a fat globule (fat embolism), a bubble of air or other gas (gas embolism), or foreign material.

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19
Q

Fluid overload is a __ osmolarity

A

low

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20
Q

The lymphatic system is the vacuum cleaner of the

A

interstitial spaces

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21
Q

The ___ in the hypothalamus will sense that you are dehydrated or fluid overloaded

A

Oslo receptors

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22
Q

The Oslo receptors in the ____ will sense that you are dehydrated or fluid overloaded

A

hypothalamus

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23
Q

The Oslo receptors in the hypothalamus will sense that you are

A

dehydrated or fluid overloaded

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24
Q

The Oslo receptors in the hypothalamus will sense that you are dehydrated or fluid overloaded. In other words they sense

A

osmolarity

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25
Q

The Oslo receptors in the hypothalamus will sense that you are dehydrated or fluid overloaded. In other words they sense osmolarity. They send a message to the ___. Antidiarrhetic hormone is secreted, it targets the kidney and makes the kidney hold on to more fluids.

A

neurohypophysis

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26
Q

The Oslo receptors in the hypothalamus will sense that you are dehydrated or fluid overloaded. In other words they sense osmolarity. They send a message to the neurohypophysis. Then,

A

Antidiarrhetic hormone is secreted, it targets the kidney and makes the kidney hold on to more fluids.

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27
Q

Sodium is regulated by ____ which is made in the adrenal cortex. the target organ is the kidneys.

A

aldosterone

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28
Q

Sodium is regulated by aldosterone which is made in the ___. the target organ is the kidneys.

A

adrenal cortex

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29
Q

Sodium is regulated by aldosterone which is made in the adrenal cortex. the target organ is

A

the kidneys

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30
Q

Repolarization is when

A

sodium goes back out and K goes back in

31
Q

Electrolyte: urinating decreases

A

K

32
Q

Electrolyte: If you’re dehydrated you also have low

A

K

33
Q

If K is too high acutely

A

you could go into asystole but its rare and only if it rises very fast

34
Q

If they’re in renal failure and K gradually went above normal levels,

A

that’s not an emergency.

35
Q

EMERGENCY TREATMENT for hyperkalemia -

A

insulin and glucose (because when insulin takes glucose into the cell it takes K with it. So you’re not removing from the body but youre hiding it form the heart. This gives k exilate time to work)

36
Q

chvosteks sign and trousseaus sign

A

Earlier sign of hypocalcemia

37
Q

ADH targets the ____ to hold onto more water

A

kidneys

38
Q

If you are too acid or hyperthermic the bond between oxygen and hemoglobin

A

weakens (can’t pick up enough O2 at the lungs)

39
Q

If the bond between oxygen and hemoglobin weakens (can’t pick up enough O2 at the lungs) then you are too

A

you are too acid or hyperthermic

40
Q

If youre too alkaline it ___ the bond between oxygen and hemoglobin and ____

A

tightens, you can’t drop off O2 to the tissues.

41
Q

If youre too ____ it tightens the bond between oxygen and hemoglobin and you can’t drop off O2 to the tissues.

A

alkaline

42
Q

immunity: 1st line

A

physical and mechanical barriers. Bacteria in your body.

43
Q

immunity: 2nd line of defense

A

inflammatory response. Anything the cell perceives as “not me” triggers the response.

44
Q

Complement system-

A

agents that are released that can either destroy agents directly or activate other things.

45
Q

Kinin system- think of

A

bradykinin. Vasodilation and ____?

46
Q

element needed for clotting

A

calcium

47
Q

Mast cells. 4 facts

A

Type of WBC.
Activated with injury.
They release histamine and bradykinin.
They are throughout the body.

48
Q

Mast cells are a type of

A

WBC

49
Q

Mast cells release

A

histamine and bradykinin

50
Q

Mast cells are found

A

all over the body

51
Q

Histamine Immediately causes

A

constriction of vessels, then dilation

52
Q

Prostaglandins are mediators for

A

pain

53
Q

platelets are made in

A

the bone marrow unlike other things that are made in the liver

54
Q

Cytokines are ____ mediators

A

anti-inflammatory

55
Q

the 2 most common cytokines are

A

interferon and interleukins

56
Q

Inflammation involves vaso___

A

dilation

57
Q

Antibodies are the same thing as

A

imunoglobulins

58
Q

T cells (made in the thymus) B cells (made in bone marrow) have to do with type of disease?

A

no specific disease

59
Q

An antigen is

A

anything your body sees as “not me” (even if it is in fact your own cell, as in multiple sclerosis)

60
Q

___ are looked at to tell if someone has adequate immunity.

A

T-cells

61
Q

Clonal diversity vs clonal selection

A

Clonal diversity is the generic part

Clonal selection is when we get antibodies

62
Q

Type 1 - massive amount of

A

third spacing. Look like they’re fluid overloaded but actually they don’t have fluid in the vascular system. What kills you is the airway closes because of laryngeal edema.

63
Q

Opportunistic microorganisms, examples C Dif. The process of infection starts with

A

colonization.

64
Q

Opportunistic microorganisms, examples C Dif. The process of infection starts with colonization. Colonized means

A

you’re not infection but youre carrying it and can spread it.

65
Q

The most common way that infection spreads through the body is

A

through the blood and lymph, but there are other ways too

66
Q

Even if an old person has an infection, you might not find they have

A

a fever

67
Q

between gram neg and gram pos,

A

neg is worse

68
Q

endotoxin is a product from gram

A

neg

69
Q

Bacteremia vs septicemia

A

Bacteremia just means bacteria in the blood, not necessarily a terrible situation. But septicemia is an overwhelming bad thing, its more common in gram neg

70
Q

Viruses are the most dangerous because

A

they can hide from the immune system by hiding in a cell

71
Q

the 2 kinds of viral vaccines

A

attenuated and also inactivated

72
Q

MMR, varicella, polio are which type of vac

A

attenuated

73
Q

Know: osmoreceptors, baroreceptors, chemoreptors- what do they do
Baroreceptors send message
Osmoreceptors send message to the pituitary
Brainstem responds to
Baroreceptors and chemoreceptors are located in arch of aorta and __ and respond to abnormalities , send message to brainstem, need help with this part…

A

?

74
Q

goals of inflammation

A

prevent spread of infection and promote healing

Patho (10 decks)

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