Misc. HA Midterm Flashcards
Macular Degeneration
deterioration of the retina at the central part
Macular Degeneration types
Dry and Wet -
dry: most common, vessels do not leak
wet: d/t abnormal blood vessel growth that leaks fluid into the macula
How to test for Wet Macular Degeneration
Amsler Grid – wet = wavy lines
Glaucoma - types
Open and Closed
Open Glaucoma
d/t slow blockage of drainage canals, causes the angle where the iris meets the cornea is wide open
S&S of open glaucoma
1st = loss of peripheral vision
2nd = central vision
painless
Closed Angle Glaucoma
EMERGENCY
sudden rise of IOP, closed/narrow angle, rapid, UNILateral headache –> send to ER
Pterygium
“surfers eye” – inTERferes with the cornea
Meibomian glands
sebacious glands that make tears
blockage = chalazion
Cataract - what is it and 1st symptom
Clouding of the lens
1st symptom = difficulty driving at night
painless, blurry vision
MAY lack red light reflex
What does arcus senilis and xantheasma indicate?
High Cholesterol!
- Arcus Senilis (white ring around outter aspect)
- Xanthelasma (tags on inner eye lid)
Two types of hearing loss
Conductive and sensorineural
Sensorineural hearing loss
impaired transmission of sound
difficulty understanding
inner ear issue, issue with CN VIII
no corrective surgery
Conductive hearing loss
difficulty hearing
conduction of sound is impaired
Tests for hearing loss
Whisper, Weber, Rinne
Weber and Rinne results
Weber - tuning fork on forehead,
= normal, heard BETTER in affected ear, BC > AC
Rinne
(normal +)
(conductive loss = BC > AC in affected ear)
(sensorineural loss AC > BC)
Name 3 major sinuses
Ethmoid, maxillary, sphenoid
Name major glands in the mouth
stensen ducts (parotid gland opening) wharton ducts (submandibular gland opening)
Name major neck lymph nodes
Preauricular, ostauricular, tonsilar, submandibular, submental, anterior cervical, posterior cervical, occipital, supraclavicular
How does the thyroid work?
Hypothalamus secret thyroid releasing hormone (TRH) –> stimulates thyrotrophs in anterior pituitary to secrete TSH –> stimulates the thyroid follicular cells to release thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
normal = not visible
Signs of hyPOthyroid
Queen anne’s sign = no lateral eyebrows
Dry brittle hair = hypothyroid
Slow and sluggish
Signs of hyPERthyroid
Fine thin hair
Onycholysis (in all nails, seperation of nail plate to nail bed)
Hyperactive, anxious
Exopthalmos
PMI increased amplitude
Sign of thyrotoxicosis?
Lid lag present = upper lid will lag behind eyes downward movement and sclera will be visible above the iris
Cone of light left and right
LEFT 7 o’clock
RIGHT 5 o’clock
Mononucleosis
(just highlighted points)
- lymphadenopathy = post cervical or occipital nodes
- CBC high with 95% lymphocytes
- Hepato or splenomegaly
Legionnaires disease
from dirty AC units, present with LOW SODIUM
What is Psittacosis
illness form birds
how many lobes in L and R lung, names?
Right = 3 …
RUL superior
RML anterior
RLL inferior
LUL superior, LLL inferior
Tracheobronchial tree
Right and left main bronchi formed @ T4-5 → R bronchus is wider, shorter, and more vertical and almost in direct line with the trachea → higher likelihood of aspiration
COPD - general things
Barrel chest
increase in AP diameter, loss of muscle strength
higher chance of infection (retain thick mucus)
cant expel (high residual vol.)
less elastic alveoli, more fibrous
scoliosis degree of concern
if >20 degrees with growth left → brace
Pneumonia and tactile fremitus
INCREASED
infiltrate within lung tissue
percussion = dull
Pleural effusion and tactile fremitus
DECREASED
fluid within the visceral and parietal fluid, NOT in lung
percussion = dull
trachea deviated TOWARD UNAFFECTED side
tracheal lung sounds
heard over trachea
E > I
harsh, high pitch
Bronchial LS
@ next to trachea
E > I
loud, high pitch
Bronchovesicular LS
@ sternal order b/w scapula
I = E
medium loudness, medium pitch
Vesicular
@ remainder of lungs
I > E
soft, low pitch
Fine crackles
= FLUID
- Discontinuous, fine, high pitch, @ end of inspiration
- = PNA, CHF, bronchitis, asthma, COPD
Coarse crackles
- Discontinuous, low pitched, bubbling or gurgling, @ early inspiration, extends into expiration
- = more advanced disease, pulm edema, pulm fibrosis
Wheeze
- Continuous, high pitched, expiration, small airways
- = asthma, COPD, CHF
Rhonchi
- Continuous, low pitched, coarse, loud, expiration
- = obstructed trachea, bronchitis, PNA
Pleural Friction Rub
- Superficial low pitch, coarse, throughout inspiration and expiration
- = pleurisy, pericarditis, pericardial effusion
- Will go away if breath is held
Egophany and Bronchophony
Ask pt to say “eeee”
- Bronchophony: Clear loud E sound
- Egophony: sounds like A over a consolidation
Pneumothorax - prone, and gen info
prone = tall, young, thin males
- Inspection: anxious, holding chest, trachea deviated toward UNAFFECTED side
- Palpation: decreased tactile fremitus and decreased thoracic expansion
- Percussion: hyperresonance on chest wall
- Auscultation: decreased or absent breath sounds
PE gen info
- Commonly from DVT
- Decreased thoracic expansion on affected side
- Tenderness to palpation - pleuritic pain
- Dullness to percussion on affected side
- Decreased breath sounds, rales/friction rub
PE S&S
- Tachycardia, S3/S4
- Dyspnea, rales, pleuritic chest pain, cough, hemoptysis
- Leg pain, cyanosis (check lips), fever
- Asymmetric pitting lower extremity edema, prominent superficial collateral vessels
- Tenderness to palpation
-
+ Homan’s Sign = calf pain with dorsiflexion of foot with knee straight
- Measure calves and check popliteal pulse
-
+ Homan’s Sign = calf pain with dorsiflexion of foot with knee straight
Age for mammograms?
- 40 years old or if any family history, 10 years earlier
age for papsmears?
21 years old, q 3 years
