Misc for Cancer Flashcards
Resemble base cell, considered pre-cancerous
Metaplastic (e.g. Barrrett’s esophagus)
Excess of cell growth.
hyperplasia (e.g. benign tumors)
abnormal cell growth. Cells don’t appear normal.
dysplasia
absence of any normalcy to the cell
anaplasia
Normal process which occurs over many cell cycles and allows a cell to specialize in certain tasks.
Cell Differentiation
Cell proliferation has four hallmark growth patterns
- growth RATE is unchanged
- Mitosis leads to abnormal cell division (more cells)
- The cells grow outside of normal times
- The cells are unaffected by contact inhibition
Cancer grows quickly (proliferates) because multiple cells grow at once instead of one at a time after apoptosis. This is referred to as _____ ____.
Doubling Time
Characteristics of a benign neoplasm (6)
- Localized growth
- often easily removed
- do not reoccur
- forms a solid mass
- has well defined borders
- frequently encapsulated
Characteristics of a malignant neoplasm include (5)
- Grow aggressively
- metastasize to distant sites
- not always easy to remove
- can reoccur
- have irregular shape
In situ refers to a tumor that has not _______.
spread
The stage of carcinogenesis in which the cell seems normal but is predisposed to proliferate excessively. This cell has already been exposed to some carcinogen.
Initiation
The stage of carcinogenesis in which the cell proliferates more rapidly; it also undergoes structural changes.
Promotion
The stage of carcinogenesis in which the cell grows uncontrollably and looks obviously deranged.
Progression
The function and dysfunction of protooncogenes
- activate cell growth
2. mutated into oncogenes and promote cancer cell growth
The function and dysfunction of tumor suppressor genes
- Turns off cell growth
2. Mutation causes immune system to stop the tumor suppressor gene from functioning
Uniform in size
Nuclei are characteristic of tissue in which the cells belong
DNA carries genetic information that control the synthesis of proteins
Cellular reproduction occurs as the result of replication of DNA and mitosis.
Cells turn over after apoptosis.
Normal cells
Cellular mutation is caused by:
Exposure to carcinogens
Carcinogens could potentially effect what two genes and how would that effect tumor growth?
Proto-oncogenes
Tumor Suppressor genes
The carcinogens cause mutations that either cause proto-oncogenes to promote cancer growth as oncogenes; or the carcinogens cause the tumor suppressor genes to not stop cancer growth.
At what point in carcinogenesis is the process still reversible?
promotion. Once in progression, it is not reversible. The tumor has its own blood supply: not reversible.
Delivers drug through arterial vessel supplying tumor
Intraarterial
Delivers drug to peritoneal cavity for treatment of peritoneal metastases
intraperitoneal
involves lumbar puncture and injection of chemotherapy into subarachnoid space
intrathecal or intraventricular
agent added to bladder by urinary catheter and retained for 1 to 3 hours
intravesical (bladder)
Pain arising in nerve endings of muscles, skin, bones; and is usually localized
Somatic
Pain perceived as occurring in a part of the body other than its true location
Referred pain
What nutrients are needed for RBC maturation and what are some foods that are good sources of them?
Cobalamin (Vit B12)
Red meats (especially liver), eggs, enriched grain products
Folic Acid
Green leafy vegetables, liver, meat, fish, legumes, whole grains
What nutrient is needed for Hemoglobin synthesis and what are some good food sources for it?
Iron
Liver and muscle meats, eggs, dried fruits, legumes, dark green leafy vegetables, whole grain and enriched bread and cereals, potatoes
What nutrient is needed for conversion of folic acid to its active forms and aids in iron absorption? What are some good food sources of this?
Ascorbic Acid (Vit C) Citrus fruits, green leafy vegetables, strawberries, cantaloupe
Deep pain arising in body organs. Usually of longer duration than somatic pain. How is it usually described?
Visceral.
Deep, cramping, referred, aching, gnawing
How is somatic pain usually described?
Localized, aching, throbbing
Pain that is caused by a malignant neoplasm.
Malignant pain
Pain that occurs from damage to peripheral or central nervous tissue or from distorted processing of pain. Can be sharp, intense, shocking, or shooting. More difficult to control.
Neuropathic pain
Episodic pain that may Occasionally occur in a patient with chronic pain. This acute exacerbation of pain often occurs in cancer patients.
breakthrough pain
Pain that occurs suddenly due to illness, injury, or surgery, with a short duration that subsides when the injured tissue heals.
acute pain
Pain that originates in the nerve endings of muscles, skin, and bones.
Dull or sharp aching pain.
Nociceptive
