Misc for Cancer

Question 0

Resemble base cell, considered pre-cancerous

Answer 0

Metaplastic (e.g. Barrrett’s esophagus)

Question 1

Excess of cell growth.

Answer 1

hyperplasia (e.g. benign tumors)

Question 2

abnormal cell growth. Cells don’t appear normal.

Answer 2

dysplasia

Question 3

absence of any normalcy to the cell

Answer 3

anaplasia

Question 4

Normal process which occurs over many cell cycles and allows a cell to specialize in certain tasks.

Answer 4

Cell Differentiation

Question 5

Cell proliferation has four hallmark growth patterns

Answer 5

1. growth RATE is unchanged
2. Mitosis leads to abnormal cell division (more cells)
3. The cells grow outside of normal times
4. The cells are unaffected by contact inhibition

Question 6

Cancer grows quickly (proliferates) because multiple cells grow at once instead of one at a time after apoptosis. This is referred to as _____ ____.

Answer 6

Doubling Time

Question 7

Characteristics of a benign neoplasm (6)

Answer 7

1. Localized growth
2. often easily removed
3. do not reoccur
4. forms a solid mass
5. has well defined borders
6. frequently encapsulated

Question 8

Characteristics of a malignant neoplasm include (5)

Answer 8

1. Grow aggressively
2. metastasize to distant sites
3. not always easy to remove
4. can reoccur
5. have irregular shape

Question 9

In situ refers to a tumor that has not _______.

Answer 9

spread

Question 10

The stage of carcinogenesis in which the cell seems normal but is predisposed to proliferate excessively. This cell has already been exposed to some carcinogen.

Answer 10

Initiation

Question 11

The stage of carcinogenesis in which the cell proliferates more rapidly; it also undergoes structural changes.

Answer 11

Promotion

Question 12

The stage of carcinogenesis in which the cell grows uncontrollably and looks obviously deranged.

Answer 12

Progression

Question 13

The function and dysfunction of protooncogenes

Answer 13

1. activate cell growth

2. mutated into oncogenes and promote cancer cell growth

Question 14

The function and dysfunction of tumor suppressor genes

Answer 14

1. Turns off cell growth

2. Mutation causes immune system to stop the tumor suppressor gene from functioning

Question 15

Uniform in size
Nuclei are characteristic of tissue in which the cells belong
DNA carries genetic information that control the synthesis of proteins
Cellular reproduction occurs as the result of replication of DNA and mitosis.
Cells turn over after apoptosis.

Answer 15

Normal cells

Question 16

Cellular mutation is caused by:

Answer 16

Exposure to carcinogens

Question 17

Carcinogens could potentially effect what two genes and how would that effect tumor growth?

Answer 17

Proto-oncogenes
Tumor Suppressor genes
The carcinogens cause mutations that either cause proto-oncogenes to promote cancer growth as oncogenes; or the carcinogens cause the tumor suppressor genes to not stop cancer growth.

Question 18

At what point in carcinogenesis is the process still reversible?

Answer 18

promotion. Once in progression, it is not reversible. The tumor has its own blood supply: not reversible.

Question 19

Delivers drug through arterial vessel supplying tumor

Answer 19

Intraarterial

Question 20

Delivers drug to peritoneal cavity for treatment of peritoneal metastases

Answer 20

intraperitoneal

Question 21

involves lumbar puncture and injection of chemotherapy into subarachnoid space

Answer 21

intrathecal or intraventricular

Question 22

agent added to bladder by urinary catheter and retained for 1 to 3 hours

Answer 22

intravesical (bladder)

Question 23

Pain arising in nerve endings of muscles, skin, bones; and is usually localized

Answer 23

Somatic

Question 24

Pain perceived as occurring in a part of the body other than its true location

Answer 24

Referred pain

Question 25

What nutrients are needed for RBC maturation and what are some foods that are good sources of them?

Answer 25

Cobalamin (Vit B12)
Red meats (especially liver), eggs, enriched grain products
Folic Acid
Green leafy vegetables, liver, meat, fish, legumes, whole grains

Question 26

What nutrient is needed for Hemoglobin synthesis and what are some good food sources for it?

Answer 26

Iron
Liver and muscle meats, eggs, dried fruits, legumes, dark green leafy vegetables, whole grain and enriched bread and cereals, potatoes

Question 27

What nutrient is needed for conversion of folic acid to its active forms and aids in iron absorption? What are some good food sources of this?

Answer 27

Ascorbic Acid (Vit C)
Citrus fruits, green leafy vegetables, strawberries, cantaloupe

Question 28

Deep pain arising in body organs. Usually of longer duration than somatic pain. How is it usually described?

Answer 28

Visceral.

Deep, cramping, referred, aching, gnawing

Question 29

How is somatic pain usually described?

Answer 29

Localized, aching, throbbing

Question 30

Pain that is caused by a malignant neoplasm.

Answer 30

Malignant pain

Question 31

Pain that occurs from damage to peripheral or central nervous tissue or from distorted processing of pain. Can be sharp, intense, shocking, or shooting. More difficult to control.

Answer 31

Neuropathic pain

Question 32

Episodic pain that may Occasionally occur in a patient with chronic pain. This acute exacerbation of pain often occurs in cancer patients.

Answer 32

breakthrough pain

Question 33

Pain that occurs suddenly due to illness, injury, or surgery, with a short duration that subsides when the injured tissue heals.

Answer 33

acute pain

Question 34

Pain that originates in the nerve endings of muscles, skin, and bones.
Dull or sharp aching pain.

Answer 34

Nociceptive