Misc. Exam 1 stuff Flashcards

1
Q

Define PRR

A

Pattern Recognition Receptor: Binds PAMPs and leads to increase in vessel diameter, increase in adhesion molecules and increase in vessel permeability. Present on nearly every cell in the body.

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2
Q

Define PAMP

A

Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern: Expressed on pathogens and bound by PRRs

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3
Q

Define TLRs

A

Toll-Like Receptors: Type of PRR that singularly recognize specific ligands broadly found on pathogens. Binding to TLR’s involves multiple cofactors resulting in a non-linear response to PAMPs and tolerance at low levels.

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4
Q

Define DAMP

A

Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns: Proteins commonly associated with nuclear envelope that when free are recognized by the innate immune system for clean-up

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5
Q

TLR-4 recognizes…

A

Endotoxin = Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

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6
Q

Final transcription factor most commonly activated in inflammation

A

NF-kB (via the IRAK pathway; TLR-3 uses the IRF pathway)

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7
Q

Name the cell that forms the bridge between innate and adaptive immunity

A

dendritic cell

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8
Q

Type I Immunopathology

A

Immediate Hypersensitivity - Overproduction of IgE in response to environmental allergen (i.e. anaphylaxis, asthma)

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9
Q

Type II Immunopathology

A

Autoimmunity to Antibodies - Foreign antigen that looks like a self molecule (i.e. autoimmune hemolytic anemia, Grave’s Disease, Myasthenia Gravis)

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10
Q

Type III Immunopathology

A

Production of antibody against a soluble antigen (i.e. systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis)

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11
Q

Type IV Immunopathology

A

T-cell Mediated - innocent bystander injury (i.e. cavity formation in lungs secondary to tuberculosis or liver destruction by killer T cells in acute viral hepatitis)

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12
Q

Chronic Frustrated Immune Responses

A

Antigen is not “self” but cannot get rid of it (i.e. gut flora -> IBS; gluten -> Celciac Disease)

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13
Q

Eosin

A

(orange-red) - stains basic cellular components: hemoglobin, some cytoplasmic granules (i.e. in eosinophils) and other basic proteins

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14
Q

Methylene Blue

A

(blue-purple) - stains acidic cellular elements: RNA, DNA, basophil granules, cytoplasm of mature lymphocytes and monocytes

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15
Q

Life cycle of Reticulocyte

A

Bone marrow (3-4 days), circulates in peripheral blood for 1-2 days, identified with supravital stain (causes ribosomes, RNA and other organelles to aggregate into reticulum)

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16
Q

Variables affecting RBC count

A

Age (4.10 - 6.10, 3.80 - 5.20, 4.20 - 5.40), Sex (Men: 4.60 - 6.20, Women: 4.20 - 5.40), Geographic Location (high altitude > low altitude)

17
Q

Types and Contents of Granules in Platelets

A

Alpha - fibrinogen, PDGF; Delta - Ca2+, pyrophosphate, ADT and ATP

18
Q

Normal Platelet Count

A

150 - 400 x 10^9 /L (does NOT vary with age or sex)

19
Q

Variables affecting WBC count

A

Variable in pediatric years but not in adult years (high at 1-3 days, decreases until 7-23 months and then high after that)

20
Q

Normal WBC count

A

4.5 - 11.0 x 10^9 /L (>18 years of age)

21
Q

Types and (some) Contents of Granules in Neutrophils

A

Primary (azurophilic - stain red-blue to purple) - contains lysozyme; Secondary (specific - stain tan-pink) - contains lysozyme, collagenase, C5a-cleaving enzyme; Secondary granules outnumber Primary granules 8-10:1

22
Q

Normal Neutrophil Count (absolute)

A

1.8-7.8 x 10^9 /L

23
Q

Normal Eosinophil Count (absolute)

A

0.0-4.0 x 10^9 /L (2nd most abundant granulocyte in peripheral blood)

24
Q

Normal Basophil Count (absolute)

A

0.0 - 0.2 x 10^9 /L (least abundant granulocyte and WBC in peripheral blood)

25
Q

Basophil Granule Contents

A

Eosinophilic chemotactic factor, heparin, histamine, peroxidase

26
Q

Normal Monocyte Count (absolute)

A

0.2 - 0.9 x 10^9 /L