misc Flashcards
Renal ischemia leads to _____ _______ ______ and the inability to reabsorb solutes and water and excrete waste products.
renal tubular necrosis
At the cardiac level, the continued fall in blood pressure and venous return decreases coronary blood flow. Cardiac muscle ischemia leads to _________ __________ and CO and ultimately to further deterioration of coronary artery blood flow. _________ and _________ accentuate the depression of cardiac muscle function. These changes in combination with decreased venous return worsen _____________ and tissue perfusion.
decreased contractility; Acidosis; ischemia; hypotension
___________ _____ is the result of a volume deficit, either because of blood loss (e.g., resulting from profound hemorrhage), third space sequestration (e.g., occurring with a large colon volvulus), or severe dehydration.
Hypovolemic shock
________ _____ or pump failure occurs when the cardiac muscle cannot pump out adequate stroke volume to maintain perfusion.
Cardiogenic shock
___________ ______ or microcirculatory failure occurs when vasomotor tone is lost. Loss of vascular tone can result in dramatic fall in both blood pressure and _______ _____. Although the drop in blood pressure will initially decrease __________ (which will improve CO), the pooling of blood and loss of venous return results in a severe decrease in _______ and consequently, decreased CO and perfusion.
Distributive shock; venous return; afterload; preload
Approximately _____ of the volume of administered crystalloids will diffuse out of the vascular space into the interstitial and intercellular space.
80%
What would be a reason for pulmonary edema with fluid resuscitation?
anuric renal failure or post-renal obstruction
*other answers possible
_________ ___________ is performed by direct contact between the handheld electrode and the vessel. This causes the vessel wall to shrink, occluding the lumen by thrombosis and coagulum formation.
Obliterative coagulation
In this method of thermal hemostasis, the vessel is initially occluded by a hemostatic forceps. The electrode of the electrosurgical unit then contacts the occluding instrument, which conducts the energy to the vessel, inducing its permanent occlusion.
coaptive coagulation.
T/F: Vessels up to 7 mm in diameter can be coagulated by either obliterative coagulation of coaptive coagulation thermal hemostasis techniques.
False; Vessels up to 2 mm in diameter can be coagulated by either obliterative coagulation of coaptive coagulation thermal hemostasis techniques.
7 mm is the maximum size for vascular staples.
What is the mechanism of action of phenylephrine?
α1-adrenergic receptor agonist causing vasoconstriction and splenic contraction
Mammalian cells are destroyed when cooled to a temperature of _____.
−20° C (−4°F)
T/F: The primary injury from freezing occurs from vascular stasis.
False; The secondary injury from freezing occurs from vascular stasis. As the permeability of vessels is increased, loss of plasma causes local hemoconcentration. Damaged endothelium in arterioles and venules induces thrombus formation of the vessels, and infarction of frozen tissue occurs within hours of freezing.
Primary injury begins with the formation of ice crystals, both intracellular and extracellular. The cell’s outer membrane becomes ruptured by intracellular crystals, and ice formation outside the cell dehydrates the cellular environment, resulting in lethal electrolyte concentrations and pH changes. When organelles are damaged, the cell loses its ability to regulate ion permeability and cell death ensues.
What is the boiling point of liquid nitrogen?
−195.8° C (−320.4° F).
T/F: Cryosurgery is useful for treatment of fractured splint bones.
False; Freezing cortical bone causes cell destruction and reduces the strength of the bone by 70%.
