Misc

Question 1

TB

Answer 1

Tuberculosis (TB) is a major chronic, progressive communicable disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It occurs most commonly in the lungs and usually features a period of latency, sometimes for many years, following initial infection. Extrapulmonary sites (e.g., vertebrae, meninges) may also be infected. TB incites distinctive chronic granulomatous inflammation, which features a central area of semi-solid crumbly, necrotic tissue called caseous necrosis (Latin caseus = cheesy).
Clinical and chest X-ray findings may add up to a very high index of suspicion, but positive diagnosis rests on detection of acid-fast organisms in sputum cultures or smears or by other direct laboratory detection. The purified protein derivative (PPD) test (also known as the Mantoux test) is a skin test for infection. As it is positive in both latent and active cases, it is not diagnostic of active disease. The test is performed by injecting treated TB protein (tuberculin) into the patient’s skin (see The Clinical Side, “The Mantoux Skin Test”).

Question 2

Red marrow

Answer 2

actively produces blood cells

Question 3

Yellow marrow

Answer 3

storehouse for fat, although it can become red marrow if necessary

Question 4

70% of the cross-sectional area of the vessel must be occluded before causing clinical symptoms as a result of impaired flow

Answer 4

Talking atheromas!!!!

Question 5

Etiology:

Answer 5

cause of disease

Question 6

pathogenesis

Answer 6

natural history and development of disease process

Question 7

pathophysiology

Answer 7

the manner in which the incorrect function is expressed

Question 8

idiopathic

Answer 8

etiology is unknown

Question 9

Iatrogenic

Answer 9

if disease is byproduct of medical treatment/diagnosis

Question 10

nosocomial

Answer 10

if disease originates while hospitalized

Question 11

cell injur

Answer 11

commonly occurs due to inadequate oxygenation. Without O2, cells can’t create energy and die. Anoxia total lack of O2, hypoxia partial. Ischemia causes hypoxia and nutrient delivery

Question 12

physical, thermal, chemical agents

Answer 12

disrupt the structure of organs or tissues.
Physical: force can cause fatal hemorrhage and ischemia
Thermal: frostbite
Chemical: acids, alkalis, or heat causing death to skin etc

Question 13

ionizing radiation

Answer 13

enough to break (ionize) water (H2O) into H+ (hydrogen ion) and OH- (hydroxyl ion)
Acute radiation therapy: OH- attaches to DNA and prevents cell production
Chronic radiation: causes DNA mutations that may result in neoplasia

Question 14

toxins

Answer 14

Depending on chemical, injury may occur in different organs by different mechanisms

Question 15

microbes

Answer 15

can produce toxin that interferes with cell protein synthesis or cell oxygen utilization

Question 16

Inflammation and immune reactions

Answer 16

result from cell injury, but may in turn cause injury themselves. Inflammatory cells release digestive enzymes designed to neutralize foreign agents, but also can digest healthy tissue.

Question 17

Nutritional imbalance

Answer 17

obesity related to CV disease, cancer, DM2

Question 18

Genetic and metabolic defects

Answer 18

can cause accumulation of abnormal products, which can damage cells,

Question 19

aging

Answer 19

progressive, mild injury that ultimately leads to cell death

Question 20

mild injury

Answer 20

atrophy (decreased size and function of cell), hypertrophy (increase size and function of cell), hyperplasia (enlargement of tissue or organ due to more cells), metaplasia (usually reversible - a change from 1 cell type to another due to chronic injury), or dysplasia (disordered growth)

Question 21

necrosis

Answer 21

pathological death of cells due to injury

Question 22

apoptosis

Answer 22

programed cell death - cell shrivels and ingested/digested by scavenger cells

Question 23

Chemical signals to mediate inflammatory process:

Answer 23

injured cells release chemical signals to produce inflammation, reduce consequence of injury, and repair damage
Autocrines: signals that act back on generating cell
Paracrines: molecules released by cells that act on nearby cells
Endocrines (hormones): molecules released into bloodstream to act on distant cells

Question 24

acute inflammation

Answer 24

short term, first phase of wound healing. Occurs before immune response becomes established to eliminate foreign agent. Occurs in 2 overlapping stages (vascular first and cellular second). Vascular: Arterioles and venules dilate promoting congestion and increase in capillary permeability resulting in cardinal signs of inflammation, as fluid leaves, remaining fluid becomes viscous causing clotting. Cellular: initiated by phagocytic WBC - WBCs adhere to vessel wall and through emigration move through inflamed tissue - chemotaxis causes movement through cells - phagocytosis occurs causing increase in disposed foreign particles, lysis of foreign cells causes exudates resulting in signs of inflammation

Question 25

chronic inflammation

Answer 25

characterized by abundance of lymphocytes and macrophages, few or no neutrophils, attempted regeneration of destroyed cells, scarring, and rich supply of blood vessels (mix of ongoing inflammation and healing)

Question 26

wound types:

Answer 26

incision
laceration
abrasion
contusion
puncture
hematoma
penetration

Question 27

sepsis now mostly caused by…

Answer 27

gram + bacteria