Minor Minerals Flashcards by John Fasulo

Microminerals can be defined as minerals that account for _____ % of b/w?

<0.01%

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Micromineral deficiency results in?

Suboptimal biological function

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RDA’s for microminerals are established for?

Iron
Zinc
Copper
Iodine
Selenium
Molybdenum

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Iron can be divided into which two source categories?

Heme Iron
Nonheme Iron

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What is a source of Heme Iron?

MFP

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Heme Iron is absorbed at what rate?

25%

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What are Non-Heme sources of Iron?

Whole Grains
Dark Leafy Greens
Nuts
Legumes
MFP

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Non-Heme Iron is absorbed at what rate?

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Non-Heme Iron is absorbed in which two forms?

Ferrous (Fe2+)
Ferric (Fe3+)

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Which form of Non-Heme Iron is best absorbed?

Ferrous (Fe2+)

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Iron absorption is increased by?

Vitamin C (Reduces Ferrous Iron)
MFP (cysteine peptides)
Acids (citrate, lactate)
Lactoferrin (human milk)
Fructose

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Iron absorption is decreased by?

Phytates (whole grains, beans, nuts)
Oxalates (spinach, chard, beets, almonds, bran)
Tannins (polyphenols in coffee & tea)
Calcium & Phosphates
Zinc & Manganese
High pH

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Iron is essential in it’s function of?

Hemoglobin (O2 > RBC’s)
Myoglobin (O2 > muscles)
Heme-Containing Compounds (cytochromes, catalase, peroxidase)
Transferrin (Iron transport protein)

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Iron is non-essential in it’s function of _______ (storage) & _______ (breakdown)?

Ferritin (Iron storage protein)
Hemosiderin (breakdown form of Ferritin)

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Iron primarily functions in what mechanisms?

Oxygen storage and transport
Cytochromes (O2 & Electron transport in ETS)
Hem-Containing Enzymes

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Peroxidase is a _______ enzyme?

Oxidizing Enzyme

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Catalase converts ______ into water & prevents _______ oxidation?

Hydrogen Peroxide > Water
Oxygen Preventing Oxidation

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Tryptophan Dioxygenase converts tryptophan to?

Niacin

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Aconitase converts citrate to _______ in the ______ cycle?

Citrate > Isocitrate (KREBS)

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Hem-Containing enzymes include?

Peroxidase
Catalase
Tryptophan Dioxygenase
Aconitase

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What are assessments for Iron?

Hemoglobin
Hematocrit
Serum Iron
TIBC
%Tsat
Serum Ferritin
Erythrocyte Protoporphyrin
MCV - RBC Volume
MCH - Hgb Content
MCHC - Hgb Concentration

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What is stage 1 of Iron deficiency?

Storage Iron Depletion (@ Liver, Spleen, Bone Marrow)

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What is stage 2 of Iron deficiency?

Iron Deficiency Erythropoeisis

decreased serum ferritin
decreased supply of iron to erythroid marrow
decreased %Tsat
increased erythrocyte protoporphyrin

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What is stage 3 of Iron deficiency?

Iron Deficiency Anemia

Microcytic (small RBC’s)
Hypochromic (pale colored RBC’s)
decreased Hgb
decreased Hct

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Populations / Patients at risk for Iron deficiency include?

Chronic Blood Loss Pregnant Women Infants, Children, Adolescents

Symptoms of Iron Deficiency include?

Pallor Fatigue Increased HR (rapid breathing) Decreased Athletic Performance (work capacity) Brittle, Spoon-Shaped Nails

Iron Toxicity includes symptoms of?

Constipation Hemosiderosis (Fe overload w/out tissue damage) Hemochromatosis (Genetic Disorder w/ tissue damage)

What are two strategies for dealing with Hemochomatosis in Iron Toxicity patients?

Plant based diet Donate blood monthly

What are some sources of Zinc?

MFP (red/organ/mollusks) Dairy Whole Grains Legumes Green Leafy & Root Veggies

Zinc is stored in the intestinal cell as _____ ?

Metallothionein

Zinc is transported by _____ ?

Albumin

Zinc absorption is decreased by the same factors as?

Iron

Folate & Calcium may decrease ______ absorption?

Zinc

Zinc functions in what physiological mechanisms?

Cofactor for metalloenzymes Protein / Nucleic Acid Synthesis Hormone Structure Taste Acuity Immunity Wound Healing

Zinc deficiency can be showcased in what symptoms?

Growth Retardation Impaired Sexual Maturity Skin Lesion / Wound Healing Dysgeusia Bone Abnormalities Alopecia Impaired Immunity

What patients are at risk for Zinc Deficiency?

Diarrhea Burn Victims

Symptoms of Zinc toxicity include?

Metallic Taste Copper Deficiency

What is an assessment of Zinc?

Serum Zinc

Food sources of copper include?

Organ meats (best) Shellfish Nuts Seeds Legumes Dried Fruits

Copper absorption is increased by?

Amino Acids Organic Acids

Copper absorption is decreased by?

Phytates Zinc Vitamin C High pH

Copper functions in what physiological mechanisms?

Metalloenzyme Tyrosine Metabolism Connective Tissue/Bone Formation Iron Metabolism Immune Function

Copper deficiency symptoms include?

Hypochromic microcytic anemia Impaired Immune Function Disturbances in Bone Formation C/V Dysfunction

Populations at risk for copper deficiency are?

People with: High Zinc Intake Antacids

Copper Toxicity includes what disease?

Wilson's Disease (Genetic Disorder w/ accumulation of copper in vital organs)

How is Wilson's Disease treated?

Zinc Supplements

What are copper assessments?

Serum Copper Ceruloplasmin Concentration SOD Activity

What are sources of Selenium?

Seafoods (varying b/c of mercury) Brazil Nuts [richest source] Wheat Broccoli & Kale

What are Selenium functions?

Glutathione Peroxidase function Iodine Metabolism Thyroid Hormone Production (converts T4 to T3) Thioredoxine Reductase

Selenium deficiency can result in?

Keshan Disease (activated by virus when Se deficient) Kashin Beck's Disease (osteoarthropathy) Poor Growth & Antioxidant Activity

Selenium toxicity can result in?

Brittle Nails Hair Loss

Selenium assessments are?

Plasma Concentrations Glutathione Peroxidase Activity

Chromium sources include?

MFP (organ meats) Whole Grains Cheese Peanuts Mushrooms Broccoli Beer

Chromium absorption is increased by?

Picolinate (secreted from pancreas) Vitamin C Stainless Steel Cookware

Chromium absorption is decreased by?

High pH Phytates Refined Sugars & Food Processing

Chromium functions as?

Cofactors for Insulin (glucose tolerance factor) Lipoprotein Lipase (LPL) Function

Chromium deficiency results in?

Impaired glucose tolerance Abnormal blood lipids > Common in Antacid Users

Chromium assessment is?

No specific tests to determine (No UL)

Chromium supplements include?

Chromium Chloride Chromium Nicotinate Chromium Picolinate High-Chromium Yeast

Iodine sources include?

Iodized Salt Seafood

Iodine functions in the?

Synthesis of thyroid hormones

Iodine deficiency showcases what symptoms?

Goiter Goitrogens Hypothyroidism

Manganese sources include?

Whole grains Legumes Nuts Leafy Vegetables

Manganese functions in?

Normal Brain Function Normal Bone Growth Metabolism Antioxidant Function

Manganese toxicity showcases what symptoms?

Neurological problems

Molybdenum sources include?

MFP Legumes Grains

Molybdenum functions as?

Cofactor for oxidation and reduction reactions Nucleic Acid metabolism Sulfar metabolism

Fluoride sources include?

Fluoridated Water Fish with Bones Tea

Fluoride function in the?

Maintenance of Bones & Teeth

Fluoride toxicity showcases what symptoms?

Fluorosis (brown spots on teeth)

Ultatrace elements constitute less than ____ mg / day?

> 1 mg/day

Nickel sources include?

Nuts Legumes Grains Cocoa

Nickel functions include?

Enzyme Activity

Silicon sources include?

Whole Grains Root Vegetables Beer Gas-X

Silicon functions in?

Collagen/Bone/Cartilage formation

Vanadium sources include?

Shellfish Spinach Pepper Mushrooms

Vanadium functions as?

Insulin mimimic

Arsenic sources include?

Seafood

Arsenic deficiency can showcase what symptoms?

Impaired growth/reproduction

Boron sources include?

Fruits & Veggies Nuts Legumes Alcoholic Beverages Prunes

Boron functions in?

Bone Structure

Cobalt is part of?

Vitamin B12

Aluminum sources include?

Baking Powder Antacids Cookware Aluminum Cans Antiperspirant