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NUTR 302 (Test #4) > Minor Minerals > Flashcards

Minor Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

Microminerals can be defined as minerals that account for _____ % of b/w?

A

<0.01%

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2
Q

Micromineral deficiency results in?

A

Suboptimal biological function

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3
Q

RDA’s for microminerals are established for?

A

Iron
Zinc
Copper
Iodine
Selenium
Molybdenum

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4
Q

Iron can be divided into which two source categories?

A

Heme Iron
Nonheme Iron

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5
Q

What is a source of Heme Iron?

A

MFP

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6
Q

Heme Iron is absorbed at what rate?

A

25%

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7
Q

What are Non-Heme sources of Iron?

A

Whole Grains
Dark Leafy Greens
Nuts
Legumes
MFP

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8
Q

Non-Heme Iron is absorbed at what rate?

A

3%

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9
Q

Non-Heme Iron is absorbed in which two forms?

A

Ferrous (Fe2+)
Ferric (Fe3+)

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10
Q

Which form of Non-Heme Iron is best absorbed?

A

Ferrous (Fe2+)

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11
Q

Iron absorption is increased by?

A

Vitamin C (Reduces Ferrous Iron)
MFP (cysteine peptides)
Acids (citrate, lactate)
Lactoferrin (human milk)
Fructose

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12
Q

Iron absorption is decreased by?

A

Phytates (whole grains, beans, nuts)
Oxalates (spinach, chard, beets, almonds, bran)
Tannins (polyphenols in coffee & tea)
Calcium & Phosphates
Zinc & Manganese
High pH

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13
Q

Iron is essential in it’s function of?

A

Hemoglobin (O2 > RBC’s)
Myoglobin (O2 > muscles)
Heme-Containing Compounds (cytochromes, catalase, peroxidase)
Transferrin (Iron transport protein)

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14
Q

Iron is non-essential in it’s function of _______ (storage) & _______ (breakdown)?

A

Ferritin (Iron storage protein)
Hemosiderin (breakdown form of Ferritin)

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15
Q

Iron primarily functions in what mechanisms?

A

Oxygen storage and transport
Cytochromes (O2 & Electron transport in ETS)
Hem-Containing Enzymes

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16
Q

Peroxidase is a _______ enzyme?

A

Oxidizing Enzyme

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17
Q

Catalase converts ______ into water & prevents _______ oxidation?

A

Hydrogen Peroxide > Water
Oxygen Preventing Oxidation

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18
Q

Tryptophan Dioxygenase converts tryptophan to?

A

Niacin

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19
Q

Aconitase converts citrate to _______ in the ______ cycle?

A

Citrate > Isocitrate (KREBS)

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20
Q

Hem-Containing enzymes include?

A

Peroxidase
Catalase
Tryptophan Dioxygenase
Aconitase

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21
Q

What are assessments for Iron?

A

Hemoglobin
Hematocrit
Serum Iron
TIBC
%Tsat
Serum Ferritin
Erythrocyte Protoporphyrin
MCV - RBC Volume
MCH - Hgb Content
MCHC - Hgb Concentration

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22
Q

What is stage 1 of Iron deficiency?

A

Storage Iron Depletion (@ Liver, Spleen, Bone Marrow)

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23
Q

What is stage 2 of Iron deficiency?

A

Iron Deficiency Erythropoeisis

decreased serum ferritin
decreased supply of iron to erythroid marrow
decreased %Tsat
increased erythrocyte protoporphyrin

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24
Q

What is stage 3 of Iron deficiency?

A

Iron Deficiency Anemia

Microcytic (small RBC’s)
Hypochromic (pale colored RBC’s)
decreased Hgb
decreased Hct

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25
Q

Populations / Patients at risk for Iron deficiency include?

A

Chronic Blood Loss
Pregnant Women
Infants, Children, Adolescents

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26
Q

Symptoms of Iron Deficiency include?

A

Pallor
Fatigue
Increased HR (rapid breathing)
Decreased Athletic Performance (work capacity)
Brittle, Spoon-Shaped Nails

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27
Q

Iron Toxicity includes symptoms of?

A

Constipation
Hemosiderosis (Fe overload w/out tissue damage)
Hemochromatosis (Genetic Disorder w/ tissue damage)

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28
Q

What are two strategies for dealing with Hemochomatosis in Iron Toxicity patients?

A

Plant based diet
Donate blood monthly

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29
Q

What are some sources of Zinc?

A

MFP (red/organ/mollusks)
Dairy
Whole Grains
Legumes
Green Leafy & Root Veggies

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30
Q

Zinc is stored in the intestinal cell as _____ ?

A

Metallothionein

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31
Q

Zinc is transported by _____ ?

A

Albumin

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32
Q

Zinc absorption is decreased by the same factors as?

A

Iron

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33
Q

Folate & Calcium may decrease ______ absorption?

A

Zinc

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34
Q

Zinc functions in what physiological mechanisms?

A

Cofactor for metalloenzymes
Protein / Nucleic Acid Synthesis
Hormone Structure
Taste Acuity
Immunity
Wound Healing

35
Q

Zinc deficiency can be showcased in what symptoms?

A

Growth Retardation
Impaired Sexual Maturity
Skin Lesion / Wound Healing
Dysgeusia
Bone Abnormalities
Alopecia
Impaired Immunity

36
Q

What patients are at risk for Zinc Deficiency?

A

Diarrhea
Burn Victims

37
Q

Symptoms of Zinc toxicity include?

A

Metallic Taste
Copper Deficiency

38
Q

What is an assessment of Zinc?

A

Serum Zinc

39
Q

Food sources of copper include?

A

Organ meats (best)
Shellfish
Nuts
Seeds
Legumes
Dried Fruits

40
Q

Copper absorption is increased by?

A

Amino Acids
Organic Acids

41
Q

Copper absorption is decreased by?

A

Phytates
Zinc
Vitamin C
High pH

42
Q

Copper functions in what physiological mechanisms?

A

Metalloenzyme
Tyrosine Metabolism
Connective Tissue/Bone Formation
Iron Metabolism
Immune Function

43
Q

Copper deficiency symptoms include?

A

Hypochromic microcytic anemia
Impaired Immune Function
Disturbances in Bone Formation
C/V Dysfunction

44
Q

Populations at risk for copper deficiency are?

A

People with:

High Zinc Intake
Antacids

45
Q

Copper Toxicity includes what disease?

A

Wilson’s Disease

(Genetic Disorder w/ accumulation of copper in vital organs)

46
Q

How is Wilson’s Disease treated?

A

Zinc Supplements

47
Q

What are copper assessments?

A

Serum Copper
Ceruloplasmin Concentration
SOD Activity

48
Q

What are sources of Selenium?

A

Seafoods (varying b/c of mercury)
Brazil Nuts [richest source]
Wheat
Broccoli & Kale

49
Q

What are Selenium functions?

A

Glutathione Peroxidase function
Iodine Metabolism
Thyroid Hormone Production (converts T4 to T3)
Thioredoxine Reductase

50
Q

Selenium deficiency can result in?

A

Keshan Disease (activated by virus when Se deficient)
Kashin Beck’s Disease (osteoarthropathy)
Poor Growth & Antioxidant Activity

51
Q

Selenium toxicity can result in?

A

Brittle Nails
Hair Loss

52
Q

Selenium assessments are?

A

Plasma Concentrations
Glutathione Peroxidase Activity

53
Q

Chromium sources include?

A

MFP (organ meats)
Whole Grains
Cheese
Peanuts
Mushrooms
Broccoli
Beer

54
Q

Chromium absorption is increased by?

A

Picolinate (secreted from pancreas)
Vitamin C
Stainless Steel Cookware

55
Q

Chromium absorption is decreased by?

A

High pH
Phytates
Refined Sugars & Food Processing

56
Q

Chromium functions as?

A

Cofactors for Insulin (glucose tolerance factor)
Lipoprotein Lipase (LPL) Function

57
Q

Chromium deficiency results in?

A

Impaired glucose tolerance
Abnormal blood lipids

> Common in Antacid Users

58
Q

Chromium assessment is?

A

No specific tests to determine (No UL)

59
Q

Chromium supplements include?

A

Chromium Chloride
Chromium Nicotinate
Chromium Picolinate
High-Chromium Yeast

60
Q

Iodine sources include?

A

Iodized Salt
Seafood

61
Q

Iodine functions in the?

A

Synthesis of thyroid hormones

62
Q

Iodine deficiency showcases what symptoms?

A

Goiter
Goitrogens
Hypothyroidism

63
Q

Manganese sources include?

A

Whole grains
Legumes
Nuts
Leafy Vegetables

64
Q

Manganese functions in?

A

Normal Brain Function
Normal Bone Growth
Metabolism
Antioxidant Function

65
Q

Manganese toxicity showcases what symptoms?

A

Neurological problems

66
Q

Molybdenum sources include?

A

MFP
Legumes
Grains

67
Q

Molybdenum functions as?

A

Cofactor for oxidation and reduction reactions
Nucleic Acid metabolism
Sulfar metabolism

68
Q

Fluoride sources include?

A

Fluoridated Water
Fish with Bones
Tea

69
Q

Fluoride function in the?

A

Maintenance of Bones & Teeth

70
Q

Fluoride toxicity showcases what symptoms?

A

Fluorosis (brown spots on teeth)

71
Q

Ultatrace elements constitute less than ____ mg / day?

A

> 1 mg/day

72
Q

Nickel sources include?

A

Nuts
Legumes
Grains
Cocoa

73
Q

Nickel functions include?

A

Enzyme Activity

74
Q

Silicon sources include?

A

Whole Grains
Root Vegetables
Beer
Gas-X

75
Q

Silicon functions in?

A

Collagen/Bone/Cartilage formation

76
Q

Vanadium sources include?

A

Shellfish
Spinach
Pepper
Mushrooms

77
Q

Vanadium functions as?

A

Insulin mimimic

78
Q

Arsenic sources include?

A

Seafood

79
Q

Arsenic deficiency can showcase what symptoms?

A

Impaired growth/reproduction

80
Q

Boron sources include?

A

Fruits & Veggies
Nuts
Legumes
Alcoholic Beverages
Prunes

81
Q

Boron functions in?

A

Bone Structure

82
Q

Cobalt is part of?

A

Vitamin B12

83
Q

Aluminum sources include?

A

Baking Powder
Antacids
Cookware
Aluminum Cans
Antiperspirant

NUTR 302 (Test #4) (2 decks)

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