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NUTR 302 (Test #4) > Major Minerals > Flashcards

Major Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

Chelation is a chemical bonding between a ______ and a ______?

A

Metal and a Ligand

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2
Q

A protein/enzyme that requires binding to a specific mineral for its function is called what?

A

Metalloprotein / Metalloenzyme

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3
Q

A macromineral can be defined as greater than ____ % of b/w?

A

> 0.01 % of b/w

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4
Q

What are some sources for Calcium?

A

Dairy Products
Sardines / Salmon
Clams & Oysters
Cruciferous Vegetables
Tofu
Fortified Juices

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5
Q

Calcium absorption is reduced by?

A

Oxalate
Phytate
Menopause
Age
Iron

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6
Q

Calcium absorption is increased by?

A

Vitamin D
Lactose

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7
Q

Calcium excretion may be increased by?

A

Protein
Sodium
Caffeine

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8
Q

Calcium supplements include?

A

Citrate (best absorbed)
Carbonate

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9
Q

What is the max dose for a calcium supplement?

A

500 mg

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10
Q

99% of calcium resides in our?

A

Bones & Teeth
(active form within the body)

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11
Q

Calcium acts as an intracellular messenger by activating _____ ?

A

Protein Kinases (phosphorylations)
Phospholipase A2
Cyclic AMP Activity (Cellular Signaling)

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12
Q

Calcium plays a role in the function of?

A

Muscle Contractions
Blood Clotting
Blood Pressure
Colon Cancer Prevention

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13
Q

Calcium deficiency in serum results in what?

A

Tetany - uncontrolled muscle contraction

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14
Q

Calcium deficiency in bone results in what?

A

Rickets (children)
Osteoporosis (adults)

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15
Q

Calcium deficiency in daily intake results in what?

A

Hypertension, Colon Cancer, Weight Gain

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16
Q

Calcium Toxicity can result in what conditions?

A
  • Hypercalcemia (soft-tissue calcification)
  • Hypercalciuria (increased risk of kidney stones)
  • Increased risk for prostate cancer
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17
Q

What are 3 ways to assess calcium?

A

Serum Calcium
Serum Ionized Calcium
Bone/Mass Density (DEXA)

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18
Q

What are some sources of Phosphorus?

A

Dairy
MFP
Nuts/Seeds
Legumes
Soft Drinks

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19
Q

Phosphorus absorption is decreased by?

A

Phytates
Magnesium
Calcium

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20
Q

Phosphorus increases through ______ intake?

A

Vitamin D

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21
Q

Phosphorus functions in what?

A

Bone Mineralization (Hydroxyapatite)
Energy-Rich Compounds (ATP-PC)
Phospholipids
Coenzyme Forms
Nucleic Acid Structures (Pentose Backbone)

22
Q

Phosphorus deficiency symptoms include?

A

Children: Rickets
Adults: Osteomalacia
Muscular Weakness
Loss of Appetite
Hemolytic Anemia

23
Q

Populations at risk for phosphorus deficiency include?

A

Antacids or Phos-binders
Starvation (Refeeding Syndrome)

24
Q

Phosphorus toxicity symptoms include?

A

Renal Bone Disease
Soft Tissue Calcification

25
Q

Populations at risk for phosphorus toxicity are?

A

Renal Failure Patients

26
Q

What is an assessment for Phosphorus?

A

Serum phosphorous

27
Q

What are some sources of Magnesium?

A

Nuts
Legumes
Whole Grains
Green Vegetables (chloroplast)

28
Q

Magnesium absorption is decreased by?

A

Phytates
Phosphorus

29
Q

Magnesium absorption is increased by?

A

Vitamin D

30
Q

Magnesium functions as?

A

Enzyme Cofactor (Kinases)
Protein (Nucleic Acid Synthesis)
Bone Structure
Blood Pressure (vasodilator)

31
Q

Magnesium deficiency includes what symptoms?

A

Muscle Effects (tremors, weakness, spasms)
Nausea / Vomiting / Anorexia
Osteoporosis
Heart Disease

32
Q

At risk populations for magnesium toxicity include?

A

Renal Failure Patients

33
Q

Symptoms of magnesium toxicity include?

A

Diarrhea

34
Q

What are some assessments for Magnesium?

A

Serum Concentration
Urinary Excretion

35
Q

What are some sources for Sodium?

A

Processed Foods
Pickled Foods
Table Salt
Softened Water
MSG

36
Q

Sodium functions as?

A

Primary Extracellular Cation
Regulation of Fluid Status / BP
Nerve Transmission (depolarization)
Acid Base Balance (H+ exchange)
Absorption of Glucose

37
Q

Symptoms of Sodium deficiency include?

A

muscle cramps
nausea / vommitting
dizziness
shock
coma

38
Q

Deficiency in sodium can result in?

A

Intracellular Edema
Hypopnatremia (low level of NA+)

39
Q

Sodium toxicity can result in?

A

Increased Blood Pressure
Increased Water Retention
Increase Blood Volume
Stiff Arteries
Hypernatremia (dehydration)

40
Q

Sodium is typically ______ while Potassium is typically _______ ?

A

Sodium = processed
Potassium = fresh

41
Q

What are some sources of Potassium?

A

Unprocessed Foods
Fruits & Veggies
Peanut Butter
Dairy Products
Legumes
Nuts/Seeds
Salt Substitutes

42
Q

Potassium functions as?

A

Primary intracellular cation
Nerve Transmission (repolarization)
Regulation of fluid balance

43
Q

Potassium deficiency can results in?

A

Hypertension
Hypokalemia
Muscle Weakness
Mental Confusion
Arrythmias

44
Q

Potassium toxicity is usually NOT due to what?

A

diet

45
Q

Potassium toxicity can include what symptoms?

A

Hyperkalemia
Tingling of hands and feet
Muscle Weakness
Arrythmias

46
Q

What are some sources of Chloride?

A

Salt (60% chloride)
Eggs
Meat
Seafood

47
Q

Chloride functions include?

A

Fluid/Electrolyte balance
Digestion (HCI)
Immune Function (WBC)
Acid/Base Balance

48
Q

What are some symptoms of Chloride deficiency?

A

Convulsions

49
Q

Chloride deficiency includes?

A

Excess fluid loss

50
Q

Chloride toxicity can originate from?

A

Dehydration

51
Q

What is an assessment for Chloride?

A

Serum concentration

NUTR 302 (Test #4) (2 decks)

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