Major Minerals

Question 1

Chelation is a chemical bonding between a ______ and a ______?

Answer 1

Metal and a Ligand

Question 2

A protein/enzyme that requires binding to a specific mineral for its function is called what?

Answer 2

Metalloprotein / Metalloenzyme

Question 3

A macromineral can be defined as greater than ____ % of b/w?

Answer 3

> 0.01 % of b/w

Question 4

What are some sources for Calcium?

Answer 4

Dairy Products
Sardines / Salmon
Clams & Oysters
Cruciferous Vegetables
Tofu
Fortified Juices

Question 5

Calcium absorption is reduced by?

Answer 5

Oxalate
Phytate
Menopause
Age
Iron

Question 6

Calcium absorption is increased by?

Answer 6

Vitamin D
Lactose

Question 7

Calcium excretion may be increased by?

Answer 7

Protein
Sodium
Caffeine

Question 8

Calcium supplements include?

Answer 8

Citrate (best absorbed)
Carbonate

Question 9

What is the max dose for a calcium supplement?

Answer 9

500 mg

Question 10

99% of calcium resides in our?

Answer 10

Bones & Teeth
(active form within the body)

Question 11

Calcium acts as an intracellular messenger by activating _____ ?

Answer 11

Protein Kinases (phosphorylations)
Phospholipase A2
Cyclic AMP Activity (Cellular Signaling)

Question 12

Calcium plays a role in the function of?

Answer 12

Muscle Contractions
Blood Clotting
Blood Pressure
Colon Cancer Prevention

Question 13

Calcium deficiency in serum results in what?

Answer 13

Tetany - uncontrolled muscle contraction

Question 14

Calcium deficiency in bone results in what?

Answer 14

Rickets (children)
Osteoporosis (adults)

Question 15

Calcium deficiency in daily intake results in what?

Answer 15

Hypertension, Colon Cancer, Weight Gain

Question 16

Calcium Toxicity can result in what conditions?

Answer 16

• Hypercalcemia (soft-tissue calcification)
• Hypercalciuria (increased risk of kidney stones)
• Increased risk for prostate cancer

Question 17

What are 3 ways to assess calcium?

Answer 17

Serum Calcium
Serum Ionized Calcium
Bone/Mass Density (DEXA)

Question 18

What are some sources of Phosphorus?

Answer 18

Dairy
MFP
Nuts/Seeds
Legumes
Soft Drinks

Question 19

Phosphorus absorption is decreased by?

Answer 19

Phytates
Magnesium
Calcium

Question 20

Phosphorus increases through ______ intake?

Answer 20

Vitamin D

Question 21

Phosphorus functions in what?

Answer 21

Bone Mineralization (Hydroxyapatite)
Energy-Rich Compounds (ATP-PC)
Phospholipids
Coenzyme Forms
Nucleic Acid Structures (Pentose Backbone)

Question 22

Phosphorus deficiency symptoms include?

Answer 22

Children: Rickets
Adults: Osteomalacia
Muscular Weakness
Loss of Appetite
Hemolytic Anemia

Question 23

Populations at risk for phosphorus deficiency include?

Answer 23

Antacids or Phos-binders
Starvation (Refeeding Syndrome)

Question 24

Phosphorus toxicity symptoms include?

Answer 24

Renal Bone Disease
Soft Tissue Calcification

Question 25

Populations at risk for phosphorus toxicity are?

Answer 25

Renal Failure Patients

Question 26

What is an assessment for Phosphorus?

Answer 26

Serum phosphorous

Question 27

What are some sources of Magnesium?

Answer 27

Nuts Legumes Whole Grains Green Vegetables (chloroplast)

Question 28

Magnesium absorption is decreased by?

Answer 28

Phytates Phosphorus

Question 29

Magnesium absorption is increased by?

Answer 29

Vitamin D

Question 30

Magnesium functions as?

Answer 30

Enzyme Cofactor (Kinases) Protein (Nucleic Acid Synthesis) Bone Structure Blood Pressure (vasodilator)

Question 31

Magnesium deficiency includes what symptoms?

Answer 31

Muscle Effects (tremors, weakness, spasms) Nausea / Vomiting / Anorexia Osteoporosis Heart Disease

Question 32

At risk populations for magnesium toxicity include?

Answer 32

Renal Failure Patients

Question 33

Symptoms of magnesium toxicity include?

Answer 33

Diarrhea

Question 34

What are some assessments for Magnesium?

Answer 34

Serum Concentration Urinary Excretion

Question 35

What are some sources for Sodium?

Answer 35

Processed Foods Pickled Foods Table Salt Softened Water MSG

Question 36

Sodium functions as?

Answer 36

Primary Extracellular Cation Regulation of Fluid Status / BP Nerve Transmission (depolarization) Acid Base Balance (H+ exchange) Absorption of Glucose

Question 37

Symptoms of Sodium deficiency include?

Answer 37

muscle cramps nausea / vommitting dizziness shock coma

Question 38

Deficiency in sodium can result in?

Answer 38

Intracellular Edema Hypopnatremia (low level of NA+)

Question 39

Sodium toxicity can result in?

Answer 39

Increased Blood Pressure Increased Water Retention Increase Blood Volume Stiff Arteries Hypernatremia (dehydration)

Question 40

Sodium is typically ______ while Potassium is typically _______ ?

Answer 40

Sodium = processed Potassium = fresh

Question 41

What are some sources of Potassium?

Answer 41

Unprocessed Foods Fruits & Veggies Peanut Butter Dairy Products Legumes Nuts/Seeds Salt Substitutes

Question 42

Potassium functions as?

Answer 42

Primary intracellular cation Nerve Transmission (repolarization) Regulation of fluid balance

Question 43

Potassium deficiency can results in?

Answer 43

Hypertension Hypokalemia Muscle Weakness Mental Confusion Arrythmias

Question 44

Potassium toxicity is usually NOT due to what?

Answer 44

diet

Question 45

Potassium toxicity can include what symptoms?

Answer 45

Hyperkalemia Tingling of hands and feet Muscle Weakness Arrythmias

Question 46

What are some sources of Chloride?

Answer 46

Salt (60% chloride) Eggs Meat Seafood

Question 47

Chloride functions include?

Answer 47

Fluid/Electrolyte balance Digestion (HCI) Immune Function (WBC) Acid/Base Balance

Question 48

What are some symptoms of Chloride deficiency?

Answer 48

Convulsions

Question 49

Chloride deficiency includes?

Answer 49

Excess fluid loss

Question 50

Chloride toxicity can originate from?

Answer 50

Dehydration

Question 51

What is an assessment for Chloride?

Answer 51

Serum concentration